Table 2. Self-reported Caffeine Intake and Associations With Gestational Diabetes Risk and Continuous Glucose From the Glucose Challenge Test (N = 2583).
| Characteristics | Past week caffeinated beverage intake, mg/d | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative risk for gestational diabetes, (95% CI)a | Glucose challenge test results, mg/dL (95% CI)b | |||||||||
| 0 | 1-100 | 101-200 | >200 | Per 50 | 0 | 1-100 | 101-200 | >200 | Per 50 | |
| 10-13 wk | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.78 (0.53 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.50 to 2.15) | 1.16 (0.17 to 7.93) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) | 0 [Reference] | –1.3 (–3.7 to 1.1) | 0.7 (–4.1 to 5.5) | –1.2 (–14.4 to 11.9 | 0.0 (–1.1 to 1.2) |
| Adjustedc | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.71 (0.48 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.47 to 1.99) | 1.87 (0.23 to 14.89) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.23) | 0 [Reference] | –1.8 (–4.1 to 0.5) | 0.2 (–4.4 to 4.8) | 1.1 (–11.5 to 13.7) | –0.2 (–1.3 to 1.0) |
| 16-22 wk | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.57 (0.38 to 0.87) | 0.67 (0.30 to 1.49) | NAd | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.07) | 0 [Reference] | –2.2 (–5.0 to 0.6) | –3.0 (–7.9 to 1.9) | –3.1 (–15.9 to 9.6) | –0.6 (–1.8 to 0.7) |
| Adjustedc | 1.00 [Reference] | 0.53 (0.35 to 0.80) | 0.54 (0.24 to 1.18) | NAd | 0.75 (0.57 to 0.98) | 0 [Reference] | –2.7 (–5.4 to 0.0) | –4.4 (–9.1 to 0.3) | –1.4 (–13.6 to 10.9) | –1.1 (–2.3 to 0.1) |
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes; NA, not applicable.
a
Relative risks estimated using a log Poisson model with robust variance with covariates multiply imputed (M = 20).
b
Continuous glucose challenge test results estimated using linear regression model with covariates and outcome multiply imputed (M = 20). To convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
c
Models adjusted for age, prepregnancy BMI, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, and nulliparity.
d
Women with caffeine intake more than 200 mg/d were excluded because of lack of model convergence due to a lack of GDM cases within this category.