Table 5. Self-reported Past Week Caffeinated Beverage Intake at 16-22 Weeks and Fasting Cardiometabolic Biomarkers at 16-22 Weeks (N = 319)a.
| Cardiometabolic biomarkers at 16-22 weeksb | Self-reported caffeinated beverage intake at 16-22, median (IQR) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 mg/d | 1-100 mg/d | 101-200 mg/d | >200 mg/d | |
| C-Peptide, median (IQR), nmol/L | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.7) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –1.9 (–16.2 to 14.9) | –17.7 (–30.3 to –2.9) | –14.6 (–44.9 to 32.5) |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), % | 5.0 (4.9 to 5.3) | 5.0 (4.7 to 5.2) | 5.1 (4.7 to 5.3) | 4.8 (4.8 to 5.1) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –1.1 (–4.0 to 1.8) | –0.6 (–4.4 to 3.4) | 0.8 (–2.7 to 4.4) |
| Glucose, median (IQR), md/dL | 84.0 (80.0 to 90.0) | 84.0 (78.0 to 92.0) | 84.0 (80.0 to 89.0) | 80.0 (75.0 to 83.0) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –0.1 (–2.8 to 2.7) | –0.7 (–3.4 to 2.1) | –4.5 (–11.9 to 3.6) |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.0 to 2.9) | 2.0 (1.1 to 3.4) | 1.3 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.1 (1.1 to 1.1) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | 2.0 (–21.0 to 31.7) | –19.6 (–39.2 to 6.4) | –24.6 (–64.1 to 58.4) |
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 4.9 (2.7 to 9.4) | 5.0 (2.7 to 9.1) | 5.1 (2.1 to 8.0) | 6.2 (5.6 to 6.3) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –30.7 (–46.6 to –10.1) | –33.4 (–54.6 to –2.3) | –4.2 (–36.8 to 45.3) |
| Cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL | 209.0 (170.0 to 233.0) | 200.0 (177.0 to 223.0) | 211.0 (180.0 to 241.0) | 186.0 (185.0 to 211.0) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –7.8 (–13.1 to –2.1) | –3.4 (–11.0 to 4.9) | –18.1 (–27.0 to –8.1) |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mg/dL | 147.0 (119.0 to 180.0) | 143.0 (109.0 to 187.0) | 134.0 (101.0 to 158.0) | 147.0 (141.0 to 155.0) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –14.8 (–22.1 to –6.7) | –28.6 (–38.8 to –16.6) | –20.5 (–30.3 to –9.3) |
| HDL, median (IQR), mg/dL | 69.0 (57.7 to 75.0) | 68.8 (55.3 to 79.5) | 76.0 (64.7 to 92.1) | 70.0 (63.0 to 71.4) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | 3.1 (–6.0 to 13.0) | 24.4 (9.2 to 41.8) | 1.8 (–16.4 to 24.0) |
| LDL, mg/dL | 105.5 (75.4 to 126.1) | 99.7 (81.3 to 121.2) | 99.0 (83.1 to 135.8) | 94.8 (88.8 to 95.7) |
| % Difference (95% CI) | 0.0 [Reference] | –11.4 (–20.9 to –0.8) | –11.6 (–26.0 to 5.5) | –24.8 (–37.3 to –9.7) |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
To convert C-peptide to nmol/L, multiply by 0.331; HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555; CRP to mg/L, multiply by 10; cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113; HDL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; LDL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.
Analyses are weighted to be representative of the full cohort.
Continuous outcomes were log-transformed. Results are presented as the percent difference (95% CI) calculated as the exponentiated beta coefficient from the adjusted linear regression model with robust standard errors, subtracting 1 and multiplying by 100. Analyses adjusted for age, prepregnancy body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), race and/or ethnicity, education, marital status, nulliparity, and gestational week at blood collection.