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. 2021 Nov 3;15:4527–4549. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S338548

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© 2021 Watroly et al.

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Rubiadin’s toxicity profile, anticancer activity, and photodynamic therapy. In the toxicity study, oral administration of rubiadin showed no clinical signs of toxicity seen indicating that the biochemical compound is safe at certain investigated dose levels. Through favorable photosensitizing ability of rubiadin, it can act as an anticancer by acting primarily through DNA damage, cycle arrest and apoptosis and be used in photodynamic therapy.

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Abbreviations: TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TRAF2, TNF receptor-associated factor 2; cIAPs, cellular inhibitors of apoptosis; TRADD, TNFR1-associated death domain protein; FADD, Fas-associated death domain protein; RIP, ribosome-inactivating protein; Bax, BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; t-Bid, truncated Bid; Cyto C, cytochrome complex; PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.