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. 2021 Nov 8;21:532. doi: 10.1186/s12872-021-02342-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis testing the effects of n-3 PUFAs on IHD and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results obtained using 4 MR methods (IVW: inverse-variance weighted, WM: weighted median, MR-Egger: Mendelian randomization-Egger, and MR-PRESSO: Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier) are presented as a heat map representing causal estimates (CE). CE of SBP and DBP exceeded that of the others a lot. In order to show the others CE better, CE of SBP and DBP were not included in the heat map. ALA α-linolenic acid, BMI body mass index, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, DPA docosapentaenoic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IHD ischemic heart disease, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, T2D type 2 diabetes, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, WHR waist-to-hip ratio. *Indicates p < 0.05 for a particular MR approach