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Characterizations of BCNWs. a) Wide scan XPS spectra. b-e) C 1s core-level spectra of CNWs, TOCNWs, TOCNWs-PHG, and TOCNWs-NEO. f) N 1s core-level spectra of TOCNWs-PHG. g) SEM images of the microscopic structures of CNWs at different grafting steps. h) Optical images of virucidal TOCNWs-PHG that can be folded, pleated, and recovered.
