Table 1.

Influence of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on various stem cells

Cell type	Study	Year of publication	Physiological effects of LIPUS
BMSCs	Li et al.44 Costa et al.43	2018 2018	LIPUS yielded favorable cell viability and improved MSC proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and cytoskeletal modifications
ASCs	Sena et al.34	2005	LIPUS enhanced ASC adipogenesis and osteogenesis of mASCs, LIPUS promoted mineralized nodule formation
SSCs	Mohaqiq et al.45 Bozkurt et al.41	2018 2016	LIUPS promoted SSC proliferation, colonization, and survival rates
Neural stem cells	Lv et al.40 Xia et al.20 Xia et al.42	2013 2019 2017	LIPUS promoted proliferation, cell viability, cytoskeleton morphological changes of iPSCs-NCSCs, neural differentiation of neural stem cells, and regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve. LIPUS has different effects on gene expression of neural crest stem cells
Muscle stem cells	Chan et al.37 Nedach et al.36	2010 2008	LIPUS promoted regeneration of muscle fibers and promoted C2C12 cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes
HSPCs	Liu et al.46 Xu et al.39	2019 2012	LIPUS improved the microenvironment, accelerated construction of bone marrow cells, and increased quantity and quality of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the peripheral blood
MSCs	Al-Daghreer et al.38 Ikai et al.35	2012 2008	LIPUS may improve the osteogenic commitment of hMSCs in vitro, enhance their osteogenic differentiation, promote dentinogenesis, and accelerate periodontal tissue healing and dental implant osseointegration

LIPUS: low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; BMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; ASCs: adipose tissue derived stem cells; mASCs: mouse ASCs; SSCs: spermatogonial stem cells; HSPCs: hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells; iPSCs-NCSCs: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; hMSCs: human MSCs