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N protein activated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in human endothelial cells. HLMECs were incubated with NP (1 μg/ml), SP (1 μg/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml), and LPS (1 μg/ml) for the indicated times. The phosphorylation of IKKs, p65, IκBα, ERK, JNK, and p38, as well as IκBα degradation, was detected by Western blotting. GAPDH served as a loading control.
