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The N protein from SARS-CoV2 but not the other coronaviruses potently induced endothelial cell activation. HLMECs were treated with or without five different recombinant viral N proteins (1 μg/ml), including SARS-CoV2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, H7N9, and HKU1-CoV, for 8 h. The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was detected by Western blotting. TNF-α (10 ng/ml) served as a positive control. GAPDH served as the loading control. The experiments were repeated at least once.
