Table 4.
Conditional hours spent studying, working outside the household and working inside the household (Difference-in-Difference).
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total |
Girls |
Boys |
Communities ≥ 100,000 inhabitants |
Communities < 100,000 inhabitants |
|||||
| 12–14 y.o. | 15–18 y.o. | 12–14 y.o. | 15–18 y.o. | 12–14 y.o. | 15–18 y.o. | 12–14 y.o. | 15–18 y.o. | ||
| A. Study | |||||||||
| September x PYEAR | −11.0*** | −10.7*** | −10.6*** | −11.3*** | −11.0*** | −11.6*** | −11.2*** | −10.5*** | −10.4*** |
| (0.42) | (0.51) | (0.60) | (0.54) | (0.60) | (0.70) | (0.85) | (0.56) | (0.70) | |
| Mean pre-pandemic | 37.9 | 37.4 | 38.8 | 37.1 | 38.2 | 37.8 | 39.0 | 36.7 | 38.1 |
| (8.17) | (7.01) | (9.27) | (6.92) | (9.09) | (7.22) | (9.53) | (6.73) | (8.84) | |
| Observations | 123602 | 30334 | 31407 | 31210 | 30651 | 33742 | 37152 | 27802 | 24906 |
| Clusters | 273 | 258 | 250 | 259 | 252 | 73 | 73 | 267 | 264 |
| B. Work outside the household | |||||||||
| September x PYEAR | −0.26 | 6.81 | −0.43 | 2.36 | −0.51 | −6.59* | 2.90** | 6.65*** | −2.36** |
| (0.95) | (4.28) | (1.52) | (2.38) | (1.06) | (3.50) | (1.36) | (2.42) | (1.18) | |
| Mean pre-pandemic | 34.6 | 21.5 | 33.9 | 24.0 | 37.4 | 23.7 | 37.2 | 23.3 | 35.9 |
| (17.94) | (14.85) | (17.71) | (17.11) | (17.32) | (17.21) | (17.49) | (16.39) | (17.50) | |
| Observations | 21872 | 762 | 5983 | 1985 | 13142 | 898 | 9281 | 1849 | 9844 |
| Clusters | 256 | 141 | 212 | 192 | 244 | 63 | 72 | 196 | 252 |
| C. Work inside the household | |||||||||
| September x PYEAR | 1.10*** | 0.31 | 2.26*** | 0.63*** | 0.41* | 0.61** | 1.66*** | 0.45 | 1.40*** |
| (0.19) | (0.28) | (0.47) | (0.20) | (0.22) | (0.24) | (0.39) | (0.31) | (0.41) | |
| Mean pre-pandemic | 8.7 | 7.7 | 13.4 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 11.2 |
| (9.30) | (6.37) | (13.12) | (4.50) | (5.41) | (5.29) | (9.67) | (5.91) | (11.86) | |
| Observations | 133384 | 29059 | 42375 | 26395 | 35555 | 29826 | 44225 | 25628 | 33705 |
| Clusters | 273 | 259 | 263 | 258 | 263 | 73 | 73 | 267 | 268 |
Note: Standard errors in parentheses. Estimations include Fixed Effects by state.
Mean pre-pandemic is calculated as the average for 2018 & 2019.
September is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 for observations in September (the beginning of a school year) and 0 for Jan-March, and PYEAR is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 for observations in 2020 (the year of the pandemic) and 0 for 2018 and 2019.
Source: own calculations based on INEGI (2021) and Conapo (2021).
*
p < 0.10.
**
p < 0.05.
***
p < 0.01.