Table 1.

Summary of reported cases with elevated beta-D-glucan in association with nocardiosis.

Age/sex	Relevant comorbidities	Immunosuppression	Antimicrobial prophylaxis	Diagnosis	Species	Diagnostic methods	Negative fungal diagnostics	Peak BDG level	Potential BDG confounders	Outcome	Reference
65/F	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Not reported	None	CNS	Nocardia abscessus	Histopathology, 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing	Serum cryptococcal antigen, serum galactomannan level, fungal CSF culture	>523 pg/mL (CSF); serum BDG negative	None	Not reported	[10]
86/F	Colorectal cancer, diabetes mellitus	6-month dexamethasone (4 mg/day) course	None	Pulmonary	Nocardia nova	Cytology, 16S rRNA sequencing	Aspergillus antigen, Aspergillus precipitating antibody, fungal sputum culture	≥300 pg/mL	None	Clinical improvement then death from underlying malignancy	[11]
73/M	Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia	10-month steroid and immunosuppressive regimen	None	Disseminated (pulmonary and CNS)	Nocardia farcinica	Histopathology, 16S rRNA sequencing	Serum cryptococcal antigen	94.7 pg/mL	Intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam use, serum galactomannan level elevated	Clinical improvement then death from aspiration pneumonia	[12]

Abbreviations: BDG, beta-D-glucan; CNS, central nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid.