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. 2021 Oct 14;47:102165. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102165

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© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 3 — Schematic illustrating the mechanisms underlying modulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 defense pathway by butyrate: HDAC inhibition, Nrf2 nuclear translocation. AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARE: antioxidant response element; GPR109A: G-protein-coupled receptor; FFAR2/3: free fatty acids receptor 2/3; H3K9ac histone H3 acetylated in lysine 9: HDAC: histone deacetylase; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; Nrf2: nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2; NQO1: NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1; ROS: reactive oxygen species.