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Effects of the plasminogen activation system on mononuclear phagocyte cells. tPA promotes the clearance of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells (A). tPA is involved in the polarization of macrophages (B). tPA may have opposite effects on macrophage activation. tPA, as a plasmin activating protease, has a proinflammatory effects whereas tPA exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the binding to the NMDAR and LRP1 receptors.
