Table 1.
Characteristics of the population
| Variable | CKD stage |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Control | CKD 2–3 | CKD 4–5 | Dialysis | P-value | |
| (N = 1928) | (n = 275) | (n = 657) | (n = 536) | (n = 460) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 61.9 (9.5) | 59.6 (8.6) | 64.5 (7.6) | 62.85 (9.0) | 58.3 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 1295 (67.2) | 183 (66.5) | 474 (72.1) | 342 (63.8) | 296 (64.3) | 0.008 |
| Female | 633 (32.8) | 92 (33.5) | 183 (27.9) | 194 (36.2) | 164 (35.7) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 724 (37.6) | 83 (30.2) | 245 (37.3) | 214 (39.9) | 182 (39.6) | 0.037 |
| Current smoker | 1204 (62.4) | 192 (69.8) | 412 (62.7) | 322 (60.1) | 278 (60.4) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 265 (13.7) | 144 (52.4) | 49 (7.5) | 16 (3.0) | 56 (12.2) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1663 (86.3) | 131 (47.6) | 608 (92.5) | 520 (97.0) | 404 (87.8) | |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 62.9 (18.5) | 56.5 (13.9) | 64.1 (17.3) | 67.1 (20.1) | 60.2 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 645 (33.5) | 148 (53.8) | 161 (24.5) | 142 (26.5) | 194 (42.2) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1283 (66.5) | 127 (46.2) | 496 (75.5) | 394 (73.5) | 266 (57.8) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 1389 (72.0) | 231 (84.0) | 446 (67.9) | 351 (65.5) | 361 (78.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 539 (28.0) | 44 (16.0) | 211 (32.1) | 185 (34.5) | 99 (21.5) | |
| Calcium score, median (IQR) | 0.22 (0.08–0.48) | 0.16 (0.05–0.32) | 0.22 (0.08–0.48) | 0.24 (0.09–0.47) | 0.26 (0.10–0.59) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular events, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 1740 (90.2) | 269 (97.8) | 599 (91.2) | 472 (88.1) | 400 (87.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 188 (9.8) | 6 (2.2) | 58 (8.8) | 64 (11.9) | 60 (13.0) | |
IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.