Table 3. cirDNA measurements in acute exercise.

Authors (year)	Setting	Subject	CirDNA measurement time points
Atamaniuk et al., 2004	Race (did not specify duration and distance)	Healthy half-marathon runners (n = 25 [12 M + 13 F])	Before the race, immediately after race, 2 hr post-race
Margeli et al., 2005	246 km ultra-marathon	Healthy males (n = 15)	Pre-race, post-race (within 15 min), post-race (48 hr)
Atamaniuk et al., 2008	6 hr race	Experienced ultra-marathon runners (n = 14 [9 M + 5 F])	Pre-race, post-race, post-race (2 hr), post-race (24 hr)
Fatouros et al., 2010	Control (rest): remain seated/lying in the labExercise: 45 min treadmill run followed by increase in speed until exhaustion	Moderately trained men (n = 11)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-exercise (0.5 hr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 24 hr)
Atamaniuk et al., 2010	Six sets of six weightlifting exercise	Male competitive weightlifters (n = 12)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise (immediately after), post-exercise (2 hr)
Beiter et al., 2011	Public 10 km cross-country interval run	Recreational runners (n = 53 [34 M + 19 W])	Pre-exercise, immediately after
	Incremental test on treadmill (until exhaustion)	Well-trained male athletes (n = 9)	Pre-exercise, immediately after, post-exercise (30 min)
	Strenuous treadmill until exhaustion	Well-trained endurance male athlete (n = 1), moderately trained female participant (n = 1), well-trained recreational male runner (n = 1)	Pre-exercise, mid-exercise (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 min), post-exercise (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 min)
de Sousa et al., 2012	Overload training programme (day 1–8) then 10 × 800 m sprints on day 9	Highly competitive male endurance runners (n = 24)	Day 1, day 9 (pre-exercise [–140 min], post-exercise [immediate, 80 min])
Breitbach et al., 2014a	Treadmill until exhaustion (average 17.9 min)	Male athletes (n = 26 [13 handball players + 13 triathletes])	Pre-exercise, post-exercise
Beiter et al., 2014	Increment treadmill until exhaustion	Well-trained male athletes (n = 6)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise (immediately), post-exercise (30 min)
	High-intensity 60 min cycling	Untrained males (n = 6)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise (immediately), post-exercise (3 hr)
		Regularly endurance trained males (n = 6)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise (immediately), post-exercise (3 hr)
Breitbach et al., 2014b	10 km relay race	Recreational runners (n = 10 [6 M + 4 F])	Pre-exercise, post-exercise
Tug et al., 2015	Incremental treadmill test	Healthy male controls (n = 3)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise (immediately), post-exercise (90 min)
		Healthy female controls (n = 3)
		Sex-mismatched haematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients (n = 5 females with male donors)
		Sex-mismatched haematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients (n = 2 males with female donors)
Helmig et al., 2015	Incremental treadmill test until exhaustion	Physically active men (n = 5)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise (immediately after, 10, 30, 90 min)
Frühbeis et al., 2015	Increment cycling test until exhaustion	Physically active male (more than 3 hr/week) tested twice (n = 1)	Pre-exercise, mid-exercise (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 min), post-exercise (immediately after, 10, 30, 90 min)
Tug et al., 2017b	Acute strength exercise (whole-body exercises, deadlifts, squats and muscle-targeted exercises)	Regular strength trained men (n = 16)	12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th exercise
	High-intensity training	n = 5/16	Before first exercise, after last exercise
	Differential training	n = 5/16	Before first exercise, after last exercise
	Conservation training	n = 6/16	Before first exercise, after last exercise
Tug et al., 2017a	Incremental bicycle exercise until exhaustion	Competitive male cyclists (n = 11)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-exercise (90 min)
Stawski et al., 2017	Treadmill until exhaustion	Averaged-trained men (n = 11)	Pre- and post-1st bout, 2nd bout and 3rd bout of exercise
Haller et al., 2017	Stepwise increment running test until exhaustion	Athletes (n = 14 [7 M + 7 W])	Pre-exercise, mid-exercise (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 min), post-exercise (15, 30 min)
	40 min endurance run at 9.6 km/hr	Athletes (n = 13 [7 M + 6 W])	Pre-exercise, post-exercise
Hummel et al., 2018	Treadmill until exhaustion	Male students of sports science (n = 20)	Pre-exercise (–2 min), post-exercise (2, 15, 30, 40 min)
Haller et al., 2018	5 × 40 m sprints (5.94 ± 0.50 s)	Healthy subjects (n = 9 [7 M + 2 F])	Pre-exercise, post-exercise
	Treadmill test	Male football players playing more than 70 min in game and participated in treadmill test (n = 10)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise
	Season football game		Pre-exercise, post-exercise
Ferrandi et al., 2018	High-intensity interval exercise (30 min)	Healthy male subjects (n = 14 [seven normal weight and seven obese])	Pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-exercise (1 hr)
Ohlsson et al., 2020	Cycling until maximal heart rate	Healthy volunteers (n = 8 [4 M and 4 W])	Pre-exercise, sub-max load, max load, post-exercise (30, 90 min)
Mavropalias et al., 2021	Eccentric cycling	Men unaccustomed to eccentric exercise (n = 20)	Pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-exercise (24, 48, 72 hr)