Table 1. Expert consensus recommendations for the treatment of AD.

PICO	Recommendation strength	Grade of evidence	% of respondents	Mean agreement score
Long-term systemic treatment with steroids is not recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD due to risk of adverse effects.	D	V	100	9.5
Cyclosporine is recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	A	Ia	97.6	9.1
Selective use of methotrexate is recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	B	Ib	79.5	7.3
Selective use of azathioprine is recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	B	Ib	64.1	6.4
Dupilumab is recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	A	Ia	94.7	8.3
Oral H1 antihistamines could be helpful to improve clinical symptoms in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Optional use of antihistamines is recommended for these patients, if standard treatment with systemic or topical immunomodulators is insufficient.	B	II	90.5	8.3
Narrowband ultraviolet B is recommended as a selective treatment for patients with chronic moderate-to-severe AD.	B	Ia	92.9	8.4
Selective use of allergen-specific immunotherapy is recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	B	Ib	52.4	6.8
Oral antibiotics are not recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe AD without apparent signs of infection.	B	IIb	85.7	8.1
Selective use of oral antifungal agents is recommended for patients with head-and-neck AD.	B	IIb	57.1	6.6
Limited use of probiotics is proposed as adjuvant therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	C	IIb	33.3	5.6
Limited use of evening primrose oil is proposed as adjuvant therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	C	IIb	50	6.6
Limited use of vitamin D is proposed as adjuvant therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.	C	IIb	31	5.4
Educational interventions and counselling for patients with AD and caregivers are recommended for successful treatment.	A	Ia	100	9.5

AD: atopic dermatitis, PICO: Patient Characteristics, Type of Intervention, Control, and Outcome.