Table 4.
Clinical characteristics of males and females according to studied groups.
| Parameters | Males | Females | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HL | OND | OD | p value | HL | OND | OD | p value | |
| N (M/F) | 41 | 46 | 40 | 44 | 54 | 55 | ||
| Age (years) | 40.8 ± 14.3 | 41.8 ± 12.4B | 49.1 ± 12.4A | 0.009 | 37.0 ± 13.2 | 37.7 ± 4.5B | 49.9 ± 8.9A | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 ± 2.2 | 35.5 ± 4.5A | 34.2 ± 3.3A | <0.001 | 22.2 ± 2.1 | 36.2 ± 4.5A | 34.8 ± 3.9A | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 0.94 ± 0.10B | 1.02 ± 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.10B | 0.90 ± 0.10A | 0.004 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.4 ± 10.3 | 126.2 ± 11.5A | 129.5 ± 11.8A | <0.001 | 111.3 ± 14.6 | 117.8 ± 9.6AB | 128.8 ± 11.8A | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 6.4 | 81.1 ± 5.8A | 82.4 ± 7.5A | 0.002 | 71.7 ± 5.8 | 76.3 ± 5.6AB | 81.4 ± 6.4A | <0.001 |
| Glucose (nmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.6B | 10.9 ± 3.2A | <0.001 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.4B | 11.8 ± 3.8A | <0.001 |
| TC (nmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 0.08 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 0.9B | 5.5 ± 1.4A | <0.001 |
| HDL (nmol/L) | 0.99 ± 0.3 | 0.89 ± 0.2 | 0.86 ± 0.3 | 0.09 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3A | <0.001 |
| TG (nmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1-2.0) | 2.0 (1.2-2.6)B | 2.5 (1.8-3.9)A | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.4 (1-1.8)AB | 2.0 (1.5-3.1)A | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 4.1 (2.3-6.3) | 9.9 (7-17.2)AB | 17.5 (8-49)A | <0.001 | 3.0 (1.8-7.4) | 7.3 (4-12)AB | 12.0 (6-4)A | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.82 (0.4-1.4) | 2.3 (1.2-3.8)AB | 8.8 (4-22)A | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.4-1.6) | 1.5 (0.8-2.4)B | 6.4 (2.6-13)A | <0.001 |
| PLIN3 (ng/mL) | 10.6 (2.2-43.6) | 5.2 (0.9-35.2) | 3.4 (0.9-17.6) | 0.14 | 25.9 (9.5-36.6) | 20 (7-27)B | 9.7 (2.2-25)A | 0.007 |
Note: data presented as mean ± SD for normal and median (interquartile range for nonnormal variables). Superscript “ indicates significant difference from HL, and superscript “B” indicates significance compared to OND. Significant at p < 0.05. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis insulin resistance; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; WHR: waist-hip ratio.