Table 1.
Comparison between SARS-CoV-2 IgG neutralizing antibodies (NAb) negative and positive individuals.
| ASD Whole series (n = 478) |
SARS-CoV-2 IgG NAb negative (n = 63) | SARS-CoV-2 IgG NAb positive (n = 415) | P value Odds Ratio C·I. |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59 ± 15 | 61 ± 15 | 59 ± 16 | 0.284 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 401 (83.9) | 50 (79.4) | 351 (84.6) | 0.294 |
| Past COVID-19, n (%) | 15 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 15 (3.6) | 0.125 |
| ASD-related complications | ||||
| Interstitial lung disease, n (%) | 112 (23.4) | 23 (36.5) | 89 (21.4) |
0.009 2.106 (1.198–3.702) |
| Skin ulcers, n (%) | 88 (18.4) | 12 (19.0) | 76 (18.3) | 0.889 1.050 (0.534–2.064) |
| Renal involvement, n (%) | 18 (3.8) | 4 (6.3) | 14 (3.4) | 0.248 1.942 (0.618–6.098) |
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension, n (%) | 19 (4.0) | 5 (7.9) | 14 (3.4) | 0.084 2.469 (0.858–7.110) |
| Gastrointestinal involvement, n (%) | 19 (4.0) | 2 (3.2) | 17 (4.1) | 0.727 0.768 (0.173–3.405) |
| Treatment | ||||
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 204 (42.7) | 38 (60.3) | 166 (40.0) |
0.002 2.280 (1.327–3.919) |
| Methotrexate, n (%) | 78 (16.3) | 9 (14.3) | 69 (16.6) | 0.639 0.836 (0.394–1.772) |
| Sulfasalazine, n (%) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (0.7) | 0.483 2.215 (0.227–21.631) |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 112 (23.4) | 9 (14.3) | 103 (24.8) | 0.066 0.505 (0.241–1.058) |
| Leflunomide, n (%) | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.0) | 0.434 |
| Mycophenolate, n (%) | 79 (16.5) | 21 (33.3) | 58 (14.0) |
<0.0001 3.078 (1.701–5.567) |
| Azathioprine, n (%) | 22 (4.6) | 1 (1.6) | 21 (5.1) | 0.220 0.303 (0.040–2.290) |
| TNF inhibitors, n (%) | 23 (4.8) | 1 (1.6) | 22 (5.3) | 0.199 0.288 (0.038–2.176) |
| Abatacept, n (%) | 11 (2.3) | 1 (1.6) | 10 (2.4) | 0.685 0.653 (0.082–5.192) |
| Rituximab, n (%) | 26 (5.4) | 12 (19.0) | 14 (3.4) |
<0.0001 6.739 (2.956–15.367) |
| IL-6 inhibitors, n (%) | 21 (4.4) | 1 (1.6) | 20 (4.8) | 0.243 0.319 (0.042–2.416) |
| JAK inhibitors, n (%) | 14 (2.9) | 3 (4.8) | 11 (2.7) | 0.354 1.836 (0.498–6.773) |
| Belimumab, n (%) | 14 (2.9) | 2 (3.2) | 12 (2.9) | 0.901 1.101 (0.241–5.039) |
| Vaccines administered | ||||
| BNT162b2, n (%) | 448 (93.7) | 60 (95.2) | 388 (93.5) | 0.595 1.392 (0.409–4.730) |
| mRNA-1273, n (%) | 30 (6.3) | 3 (4.8) | 27 (6.5) | 0.595 0.719 (0.211–2.442) |
| Vaccine-related adverse events | ||||
| No adverse events, n (%) | 221 (46.2) | 29 (46.0) | 192 (46.3) | 0.972 0.991 (0.582–1.686) |
| Pain at the injection site, n (%) | 182 (38.1) | 22 (34.9) | 160 (38.6) | 0.580 0.855 (0.491–1.489) |
| Fever, n (%) | 42 (8.8) | 3 (4.8) | 39 (9.4) | 0.226 0.482 (0.144–1.609) |
| Headache, n (%) | 30 (6.3) | 5 (7.9) | 25 (6.0) | 0.560 1.345 (0.495–3.652) |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 36 (7.5) | 8 (12.7) | 28 (6.7) | 0.095 2.010 (0.872–4.633) |
| ASD flares, n (%) | 10 (2.1) | 2 (3.2) | 8 (1.9) | 0.519 1.668 (0.346–8.039) |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG NAb titre, BAU/mL | 825 (451–1542) | 0.6 (0.2–3.3) | 446.5 (114.5–1360.1) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or median [25th-75th percentile], as appropriate. P values represent comparison between SARS-CoV-2 IgG NAb negative and positive subgroups and have been calculated using the Student's T test for continuous variables or the Fisher's exact test for binary variables.
Legend: ASD, autoimmune systemic diseases; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IL-6, interleukin-6; JAK, Janus kinase; NAb, neutralizing antibodies; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.