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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2021 Jul 18;202:111713. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111713

Table 2.

Adjusted differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations with per natural-log unit increase of serum PFAS concentrations (ng/mL) by fetal sex in pregnant African American women in the Atlanta area, 2014–2018.

25(OH)D PFHxSa PFOSa PFOAa PFNAa PFPeAb PFDAb PFUnDAb NMeFOSAAb
β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p β
(95% CI)		 p
Totala Visit 1 (ng/mL) M c 2.58 (0.86, 4.30) <0.01 2.79 (1.28, 4.31) <0.01 0.39 (−0.86, 1.64) 0.54 0.26 (−0.92, 1.45) 0.66 -2.23 (−3.50, −0.95) <0.01 1.59 (0.62, 2.57) <0.01 -1.00 (−1.92, −0.08) 0.03 1.21 (0.34, 2.08) 0.01
F c 4.15 (2.58, 5.72) <0.01 3.56 (2.01, 5.12) <0.01 1.20 (−0.17, 2.56) 0.09 1.49 (0.12, 2.87) 0.03 −0.88 (−2.21, 0.45) 0.20 1.88 (0.95, 2.81) <0.01 0.25 (−0.65, 1.16) 0.58 0.77 (−0.09, 1.62) 0.08
p int 0.18 0.48 0.39 0.18 0.14 0.67 0.05 0.49
n 433 433 433 433 346 346 346 346
Totala Visit 2 (ng/mL) M c 4.71 (2.28, 7.14) <0.01 4.64 (2.43, 6.84) <0.01 2.91 (1.15, 4.67) <0.01 1.42 (−0.36, 3.19) 0.12 -3.53 (−5.68, −1.38) <0.01 2.59 (1.12, 4.06) <0.01 −1.17 (−2.56, 0.23) 0.10 1.90 (0.60, 3.20) 0.01
F c 3.53 (1.28, 5.77) <0.01 2.65 (0.69, 4.61) 0.01 0.76 (−1.13, 2.66) 0.43 1.11 (−0.84, 3.06) 0.26 −0.77 (−2.70, 1.16) 0.44 2.52 (1.06, 3.99) <0.01 0.02 (−1.36, 1.40) 0.98 1.31 (0.03, 2.60) 0.05
p int 0.48 0.18 0.10 0.82 0.08 0.95 0.22 0.54
n 336 336 336 336 261 261 261 261
Freea Visit 1 (pg/mL) M c 0.13 (−0.18, 0.43) 0.42 0.18 (−0.09, 0.45) 0.19 0.07 (−0.14, 0.28) 0.52 0.00 (−0.21, 0.20) 0.97 −0.21 (−0.47, 0.06) 0.13 0.14 (−0.05, 0.34) 0.14 −0.14 (−0.31, 0.04) 0.12 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) 0.29
F c −0.17 (−0.44, 0.10) 0.21 −0.19 (−0.44, 0.05) 0.12 −0.09 (−0.32, 0.13) 0.43 −0.17 (−0.40, 0.06) 0.14 0.06 (−0.16, 0.28) 0.60 0.05 (−0.12, 0.22) 0.57 −0.03 (−0.18, 0.12) 0.70 0.04 (−0.11, 0.19) 0.59
p int 0.14 0.04 0.30 0.28 0.14 0.48 0.36 0.70
n 436 436 436 436 348 348 348 348
Freea Visit 2 (pg/mL) M c 0.41 (0.03, 0.79) 0.03 0.40 (0.06, 0.74) 0.02 0.29 (0.03, 0.56) 0.03 0.20 (−0.07, 0.47) 0.14 -0.37 (−0.72, −0.02) 0.04 0.28 (0.05, 0.52) 0.02 −0.12 (−0.36, 0.13) 0.36 0.05 (−0.15, 0.25) 0.62
F c −0.10 (−0.45, 0.25) 0.57 −0.07 (−0.38, 0.23) 0.63 −0.01 (−0.30, 0.28) 0.94 −0.23 (−0.52, 0.07) 0.13 0.23 (−0.05, 0.52) 0.11 0.04 (−0.18, 0.26) 0.72 0.01 (−0.20, 0.22) 0.93 0.04 (−0.15, 0.22) 0.71
p int 0.05 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.01 0.15 0.45 0.91
n 341 341 341 341 264 264 264 264

Note: CI = confidence interval; p = p-value; Visit 1 = 25(OH)D collected at 8–14 weeks of gestation; Visit 2 = 25(OH)D collected at 24–30 weeks of gestation; M = male fetus; F = female fetus; pint = p-value for interaction term; n = sample number.

a

The values below limits of detection (LODs) were replaced by LOD/2.

b

The values below LODs were multiply imputed by a lognormal distribution and maximum likelihood estimation due to their lower detection frequencies (43–49%).

c

The models were adjusted for maternal age, education, BMI, parity, fetal sex, tobacco use, marijuana use, and season of sample collection for 25(OH)D, and PFAS × fetal sex interaction term. The effect estimates (β) by fetal sex were derived from the model with the interaction term.