Table 4.
Demographic, phenotypic, and genetic characteristics of the cross-sectional phenotypic clusters.
| All participants (N=598) | K-means Cluster Analysis | Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster Analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Cluster A (N=367) | Cluster B (N=231) | Cluster C (N=469) | Cluster D (N=112) | Cluster E (N=12) | Cluster F (N=5) | ||
| Age (years): median (IQR) | 75.7 (70.0, 79.8) | 75.3 (69.4, 79.5) | 76.3 (70.8, 80.2) | 75.6 (69.6, 79.6) | 76.7 (71.5, 81.0) | 74.2 (66.6, 77.8) | 73.8 (61.5, 76.0) | |
| Male: n (%) | 258 (43.1) | 161 (43.9) | 97 (42.0) | 207 (44.1) | 44 (39.3) | 5 (41.7) | 2 (40.0) | |
| White: n (%) | 593 (99.2) | 363 (98.9) | 230 (99.6) | 469 (100.0) | 112 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education: n (%) | High School or Less | 211 (35.3) | 126 (34.3) | 85 (36.8) | 146 (31.1) | 60 (53.6) | 3 (25.0) | 2 (40.0) |
| At least some College | 279 (46.7) | 168 (45.8) | 111 (48.1) | 224 (47.8) | 48 (42.9) | 5 (41.7) | 2 (40.0) | |
| Post-graduate | 108 (18.1) | 73 (19.9) | 35 (15.2) | 99 (21.1) | 4 (3.6) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Smoking status: n (%) | Current | 38 (6.4) | 16 (4.4) | 22 (9.5) | 31 (6.6) | 5 (4.5) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (20.0) |
| Former | 310 (51.8) | 192 (52.3) | 118 (51.1) | 245 (52.2) | 57 (50.9) | 6 (50.0) | 2 (40.0) | |
| Never | 250 (41.8) | 159 (43.3) | 91 (39.4) | 193 (41.2) | 50 (44.6) | 5 (41.7) | 2 (40.0) | |
| Central GA: n (%) | 192 (32.1) | 108 (29.4) | 84 (36.4) | 137 (29.2) | 52 (46.4) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Calcified Drusen: n (%) | 260 (43.5) | 148 (40.3) | 112 (48.5) | 228 (48.6) | 27 (24.1) | 3 (25.0) | 2 (40.0) | |
| GA Configuration: n (%) | Small (single patch <1DA) | 368 (61.5) | 367 (100.0) | 1 (0.4) | 313 (66.7) | 51 (45.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (80.0) |
| Multifocal | 129 (21.6) | 0 (0.0) | 129 (55.8) | 127 (27.1) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Horseshoe, Ring | 12 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Solid (center or not) | 75 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 75 (32.5) | 15 (3.2) | 59 (52.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Indeterminate | 14 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (6.1) | 14 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Drusen Area Within the ETDRS Grid: n (%) | < circle C1 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| < circle C2 | 6 (1.0) | 4 (1.1) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| < circle I2 | 8 (1.3) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.2) | 7 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| < circle O2 | 27 (4.5) | 20 (5.4) | 7 (3.0) | 15 (3.2) | 11 (9.8) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| < 1/2 DA | 114 (19.1) | 66 (18.0) | 48 (20.8) | 74 (15.8) | 38 (33.9) | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| < 1 DA | 157 (26.3) | 97 (26.4) | 60 (26.0) | 129 (27.5) | 24 (21.4) | 2 (16.7) | 2 (40.0) | |
| >= 1 DA | 285 (47.7) | 174 (47.4) | 111 (48.1) | 250 (53.3) | 25 (22.3) | 7 (58.3) | 3 (60.0) | |
| Maximum Drusen Size: n (%) | <63 μm (circle C0) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| <125 μm (circle C1) | 8 (1.3) | 6 (1.6) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 7 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| <250 μm (circle C2) | 287 (48.0) | 164 (44.7) | 123 (53.2) | 201 (42.9) | 77 (68.8) | 6 (50.0) | 3 (60.0) | |
| >=250 μm (circle C2) | 301 (50.3) | 195 (53.1) | 106 (45.9) | 267 (56.9) | 26 (23.2) | 6 (50.0) | 2 (40.0) | |
| GA in Fellow Eye: n (%) | 153 (25.6) | 69 (18.8) | 84 (36.4) | 118 (25.2) | 28 (25.0) | 5 (41.7) | 2 (40.0) | |
| RPD score: median (IQR) | 0.37 (0.12, 0.78) | 0.29 (0.08, 0.74) | 0.50 (0.17, 0.82) | 0.37 (0.12, 0.77) | 0.36 (0.07, 0.82) | 0.46 (0.25, 0.73) | 0.20 (0.08, 0.50) | |
| Square Root of GA area (mm): median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.6, 1.0) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 2.0) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.1) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | |
| GA Enlargement from Regression of Square Root of GA area (mm/year): median (IQR) | 0.23 (0.07, 0.46) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.37) | 0.34 (0.14, 0.55) | 0.22 (0.07, 0.46) | 0.26 (0.08, 0.45) | 0.20 (−0.15, 0.44) | 0.11 (0.09, 0.18) | |
| Visual acuity (ETDRS letters): median (IQR) | 75.0 (65.0, 82.0) | 75.0 (66.0, 82.0) | 74.0 (60.0, 82.0) | 75.0 (66.0, 83.0) | 72.0 (58.0, 80.0) | 69.5 (52.0, 82.5) | 72.0 (59.0, 73.0) | |
| Variable | Subjects with genetic data (N=313) | Subjects with genetic data (N=313) | ||||||
| 52 SNP-based Genetic Risk Score: median (IQR) | 15.5 (14.6, 16.4) | 15.4 (14.6, 16.4) | 15.8 (14.5, 16.6) | 15.6 (14.6, 16.4) | 15.4 (14.4, 16.5) | 15.6 (14.4, 16.4) | 16.4 (12.6, 16.5) | |
| Complement GRS: median (IQR) | 8.7 (8.1, 9.2) | 8.7 (8.1, 9.2) | 8.7 (7.9, 9.2) | 8.8 (8.2, 9.2) | 8.6 (8.0, 9.0) | 8.3 (8.0, 9.2) | 9.2 (7.7, 9.6) | |
| Extracellular matrix GRS: median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | |
| Lipid metabolism GRS: median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.6, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.5) | |
| ARMS2 GRS: median (IQR) | 1.1 (0, 1.1) | 1.1 (0, 1.1) | 1.1 (0, 2.1) | 1.1 (0, 1.1) | 1.1 (0, 2.1) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.1) | 1.1 (0, 1.1) | |
Characteristics with apparent differences between clusters are highlighted in bold (for the larger clusters A-E)