Figure 1:

The impact of sleep, pain, and cognition on perioperative brain health and postoperative recovery. Here depicted is a patient presenting for orthopedic surgery. The scenarios depict how the patient’s sleep, pain, and cognition are well managed throughout the postoperative period (left side). The patient then remains delirium free in the hospital and returns to home at their cognitive and functional baseline (left-center panels). Conversely, if sleep, pain and cognition are poorly managed (right side), the same patient may experience delirium and/or inability to return to their cognitive and functional baseline (right-center).