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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2021 Dec 1;135(6):1132–1152. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004046

Figure 3:

Figure 3:

The relationships between pain, inflammation, and analgesia on the risk for perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Red lines and (+) signs signify process that may worsen other conditions. Green arrows and (−) signs indicate processes that may ameliorate or improve other conditions. PNDs: Perioperative neurocognitive disorders.