Table 2.

Involvement of genes in functional aspects and mechanism of salinity tolerance

Sr. no.	Genes	Function during salt stress	Mechanism of action	References
1	SOS1	Transport of sodium ion from root to shoot of the plant	The protein of SOS1 gene acts as antiporter of plasma membrane Na+/H+.	[111]
2	SOS2	Protein kinases	C terminal domain of SOS2 associates with salt stress evoked Ca2+ via NAF domain (also called as FISL motif).	[112]
3	SOS3	Calcium-binding protein	SOS protein as well as Ca2+ behave as intonation of intracellular Na+ homeostasis.	[113]
4	ERF1 (SERF1)	Improve salinity tolerance	SERF1 gene attaches with the promoter region of MAP 3K6, MAPK5 to show tolerance against salinity stress.	[114]
5	HVP1 and HVP10	Expressed during salinity stress	These two genes express itself in the presence of ABA in Hordeum vulgare.	[115]
6	TIP1 and GLP1	Expressed upon salt stress	Treatment of ABA on the wheat plant shows the expression of these genes against salt stress.	[116]
7	rd29A	Act with DREB2A transcription factor	This transcription factor DREB2A is induced by salt stress in the Arabidopsis plant.	[117]
8	TaWRKY2, TaWRKY19	Improved salt tolerance	Overexpression of these genes improve salt tolerance by enhancing the downward expression of genes RD29B and STZ.	[118]
9	OsCLCa	Decrease in the salt concentration in the rice plant	This gene acts through the leaves and roots of the plant, and there is decrease in the transcript accumulation in the variety of rice IR29 which is salt sensitive.	[119]

Abbreviations used: SOS1 salt overly sensitive 1, SOS2 salt overly sensitive 2, SOS3 salt overly sensitive 3, ETF1 ethylene response factor1, HVP hordium vulgare vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, TIP-1 tip elongation protein 1, Rd29A response-to-dehydration 29A, OsCLCa Oryza sative chloride channel-a, TaWRKY transgenic tobacco WRKY