Table 2.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| HIV + T2D | T2D | HIV | Controls | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 16 | 14 | 21 | 20 | |
| Age (years) | 57 (53–62) | 58 (54–61) | 55 (51–58) | 58 (55–61) | 0.55 |
| Gender (% male) | 88 | 71 | 95 | 90 | 0.25 |
| Smoker (%) | 31 | 14 | 14 | 20 | 0.64 |
| Use of medication (%) | |||||
| PI | 38 | – | 67 | – | 0.10 |
| NNRTI | 63 | – | 29 | – | 0.052 |
| Statins | 69 | 71 | 5 | 15 | < 0.001 |
| Betablockers | 25 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 0.051 |
| ACE inhibitor/ATII Antagonist | 56 | 36 | 10 | 25 | 0.019 |
| Oral antidiabetics | 81 | 71 | – | – | 0.68 |
| Insulin | 25 | 14 | – | – | 0.66 |
| Physical activity (< 1/1–2/ ≥ 3 times/week) | 44/31/19 | 29/21/29 | 33/29/33 | 20/35/45 | 0.47 |
| HIV transmission (MSM, heterosexual, IDU) (%) | 69/6/13 | – | 71/19/0 | – | 0.38 |
| Time on stable ART (months) | 132 (91–174) | – | 122 (82–161) | – | 0.670 |
| HIV RNA (copies/mL) | 29 (14–43) | – | 30 (18–42) | – | 0.62 |
| CD4 count (cells/µL) | 630 (488–773) | 1088 (901–1274)c,d | 580 (460–699) | 870 (704–1036)b,c,d | < 0.001 |
| LPS (EU/mL) | 65 (54–76) | 56 (41–72) | 62 (52–72) | 60 (43–77) | 0.56 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.2–4.9) | 4.4 (3.8–4.9) | 5.5 (5.1–6.0)b,d | 5.3 (4.9–5.8)b,d | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.7 (1.4–1.9)b,d | 0.009 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.4 (2.0–2.9) | 2.4 (1.9–3.0) | 3.5 (2.0–3.9)b,d | 3.4 (3.1–3.7)b,d | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.7 (1.8–3.5) | 2.2 (1.5–2.9) | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6)b,d | 0.008 |
| Fasting BG (mmol/L) | 8.0 (6.6–9.4) | 8.8 (7.5–10.1) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5)b,d | 5.2 (5.0–5.5)b,d | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 48 (43–53) | 57 (50–63) | 35 (33–37)b,d | 37 (36–38)b,d | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 129 (122–136) | 137 (131–144) | 129 (122–136) | 136 (130–142) | 0.13 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82 (77–87) | 87 (81–92) | 80 (76–84) | 84 (80–87) | 0.23 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (25–29) | 28 (26–30) | 25 (23–27) | 25 (24–26)b | 0.045 |
| Framingham risk score (CVD10) | 26 (19–33) | 24 (17–31) | 15 (11–20)b,d | 17 (13–21)b,d | 0.011 |
p value refers to one-way ANOVA for continuous data and Chi-Square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. Results are given as % or mean and 95% CI.
PI Protease inhibitor, NNRTI Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme, ATII Angiotensin II, MSM Men who have sex with men, IDU Intravenous drug use, ART Antiretroviral therapy, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, HDL High-density lipoprotein, BMI Body mass index, BP Blood pressure.
b,c,d refers to t-test; bp < 0.05 versus T2D, cp < 0.05 versus HIV, dp < 0.05 versus HIV + T2D.