FIGURE 6.

Upregulation of UCP1 and mitochondrial biogenesis by empagliflozin are dependent on AMPK activity. (A,B) Western blot and quantitation of COX IV and CYTO C with GAPDH as a loading control. (C) Immunostaining was used for analysis of the abundance of COX IV in empagliflozin-treated 3T3-L1 cells. COX IV was labeled red, and the nuclei of cells were stained blue. Representative images are shown. Image magnification is 200 ×. (D–J) Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with (Empa) or without (Vehicle) empagliflozin (4 μmol/L), with or without AICAR (10 μmol/L), and with or without Compound C (1 μmol/L). Western blot and quantitation of p-AMPK, AMPK, PGC-1α, TFAM, UCP1, CYTO C, and COX IV, with GAPDH used as a loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. Vehicle; ^†P < 0.05 vs. Empa.