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. 2021 Oct 27;11:739145. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.739145

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Copyright © 2021 Li, Zhou, Mao, Gao, Xiong, Hu, Zheng and Xu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DOX induces autophagy that protects HCC cells from apoptosis and reduces the sensitivity of HCC cells to DOX. (A) Treatment with DOX promoted autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner in BEL7402 and SMMC7721 cells. Autophagy was also upregulated in DOX-resistant HCC cells. (B) Inhibition of autophagy promoted apoptosis and sensitivity of HCC cells to DOX. The DOX IC₅₀ of parental and DOX-resistant HCC cells was significantly decreased by pretreatment with 3-MA. (C) Apoptosis rates of cells in the 3-MA group were remarkably higher than those of control cells both in parental and DOX-resistant HCC cells. **P < 0.01 compared with control cells.