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. 2021 Mar 17;190(9):1867–1881. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab064

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Risk ratio (RR) estimates for associations between pre-earthquake residential distance from the coast (<1,000 m vs. ≥1,000 m) and depression in 2013 (A) and 2016 (B) among survivors of the 2011 earthquake in Iwanuma, Japan, with or without selection bias adjustment. The crude model shows the univariate association between pre-earthquake distance from the coast and mild/severe depression in 2013 and 2016. Other models adjusted for potential confounding and selection bias by predisaster sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, Geriatric Depression Scale score, self-rated health, education, income, and marital status. In the survivor average causal effect (SACE) approach, results were further adjusted for selection bias due to unmeasured variable(s), which satisfies the conditions described in the paper by Tchetgen Tchetgen et al. (37). The 95% confidence intervals (CIs; bars) were obtained via bootstrapping with 1,000 replications. IPCW, inverse probability of censoring weighting; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting.