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. 2021 Oct 27;12:757090. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757090

TABLE 1.

Ethnopharmacological specifications of plant species used to treat diabetes in DRC.

Family Scientific Name Vernacular name Part Form Site (References) NC FC RFC UV RII
Acanthaceae
Brillantaisia patula T.Anderson Muleta (Zela), Lembalemba (Kongo),Lesongo (Swahili) Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Justicia flava (Forssk.) Vahl Luhe (Luba) Sb D R5Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Synonym) Kulamoka (Kongo), Dikanga (Tshiluba) Wp D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0054 0.0016 0.0008 0.029
Amaryllidaceae
Allium cepa L. Itunguru (Swahili) Ditungulu (Tshiluba) Bk, Sd,Ap D,M,I R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 (Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018); Mbuyi et al. (2019), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 6 0.0165 0.0047 0.0016 0.059
Allium sativum L. Itungurusumu (Mashi), Hayi (Tshiluba) Bk D,P,F R3 Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), R6 Masunda et al., (2019), and R7 Moswa et al., (2005) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0008 0.029
Crinum ornatum (Aiton) Herb. Munsele bende (Kongo) Lf D R1Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale L. Nkasu, diboto (Kongo) Lf N R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Mangifera indica L. Mutshiwa mangaya (Tshiluba), Hembe (Swahili), Mwembe (Mashi) Sb, Ro,Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Kasali et al. (2013); Chiribagula et al. (2020), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 5 0.0137 0.0039 0.0071 0.160
Spondias mombin L. Mingenge (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Anisophylleaceae
Anisophyllea boehmii Engl. Fungo (Sanga), Lufunga (Tabwa) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis Pers. Annona arenaria Thonn (Synonym) Kilolo (Kongo), Bomengo na esobe (Lingala), Lobo (not specified), Lomboloka (not specified) Ro, Bk,Lf D,N R6 Ngbolua et al. (2016b); (2019); Latham and Mbuta (2017); Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021), and R7 (Moswa et al. (2005) 6 0.0165 0.0047 0.0110 0.229
Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal Mpei (Lingala) Fr, Sd D R6 Ngbolua et al. (2016a) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. Nsombo (Not specified), Nkuya nkuya (Not specified) Bb,Bk D R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0047 0.151
Apocynaceae
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Pervanche de Madagascar (French), Fulele (Ngwaka), Mtunda (Swahili) Lf, Ro D,M,N R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R2 Kasika et al. (2015), R3 Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017); Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 7 0.0192 0.0055 0.0063 0.183
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon Mwenge (Swahili) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Rauvolfia caffra Sond. Mutalala (Bemba) Fr, Sb D,M,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0008 0.029
Rauvolfia obscura K.Schum. Mudisi (Kbla), Kilungu (Kongo) Lf D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Rauvolfia vomitoria Wennberg Pandanganga (Luba) Ro D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0032 0.118
Vinca minor L. Fololo (Lingala), Vinka nyeupe (Swahili) Lf, Ro D,M R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0079 0.137
Arecaceae
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Ba di ngasi (Kongo), Ngaji(Tshiluba), Palmier à huile (French) Ro, Lt D,N R2 Kasika et al. (2015), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0221 0.325
Raphia gentiliana De Wild. Makeke (Not specified), BalempâBakulu (Lingala) Lf, Sb M R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia hockii De Wild. Kapanganganga (Bemba) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Asparagaceae
Asparagus africanus Lam. Mukoma wa kanyengelele (Luba) Lf, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Asphodelaceae
Aloe congolensis De Wild. & T.Durand Bà di nseki (not specified) Lf D R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Subiri (Swahili), Kizimia Muliro (Mashi) Lf, Lt M,Pr, P R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Kasali et al. (2013), and R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0008 0.029
Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoides L. Mpala kasakula (Kongo), Lf D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Artemisia absinthium L. Kanyambuba kalume (Mashi) Lf, Sd D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Artemisia annua L. Armoise annuelle (French), Sweet Annie(English) Lf, Sd D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0047 0.151
Bidens pilosa L. Mpotayambwa (Luba), Kashisha (Swahili) Kokoyalimo (Lokele) Lf, Sd, Ro D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Kasali et al. (2013), and R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0055 0.206
Calendula officinalis L. Mundudi ndudi (Not specified) Bk D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Crassocephalum picridifolium (DC.) Cifula (Mashi), Bupamba (Kibembe), Anatta (Kibembe) Lf D R3 Chiribagula et al. (2020) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Gymnanthemum coloratum (Willd.) H.Rob. & B.Kahn Kilulukunju (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray. Bilombalomba (Lélé), Mubirizi (Mashi); Mululuca (Bembe) Lf M,C R3 Kasali et al. (2013) and R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0055 0.127
Vernonia amygdalina Delile Nyata sololo, Mukari kari (Kongo), Mubirizi (Mashi), Mukadi kadi (Kiyanzi), Mindudi mintenla (Kiyombe) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Karhagomba et al. (2013); Kasali et al. (2013), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 5 0.0137 0.0039 0.0095 0.249
Vernonia shirensis Oliv. & Hiern. Kilulukunja (Swahili) Lf, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.095
Basellaceae
Basella alba L. Nderema (Mashi), Ndelema (Kilega), Epinard Indien (French) Lf D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.033
Betulaceae
Betula pendula Roth Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Kivungu (Luba) Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.033
Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. Cifulula, Langalanga (Mashi), Mbalimbali (Swahili) Sb D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.033
Brassicaceae
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Ndunda (Kisoko), Nkofi (Kongo), Chou vert (French) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Brassica oleracea L. Chou (French), Shu (Swahili), Nkofi nkolula (Kongo) Lf D,I R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R6(Masunda et al. (2019) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0024 0.088
Bromeliaceae
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Nanasi (Swahili) Ananas (French), Cikaka (Tshiluba) Fr D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Burseraceae
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Mpashi (Bemba), Mpafu (Luba) Lf D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Cactaceae
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactus (French) Lf C R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Caricaceae
Carica papaya L. Kipawo (Sanga), Papai (Swahili), Ipapayi (Mashi) Lf, Fr, Ro D,I,M R3 Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018); Mbuyi et al. (2019), and 6 Masunda et al. (2019) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0095 0.196
Celastraceae
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell Tshingala mutshi (Luba) Lf, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Salacia pynaertii De Wild Mbondi (Not specified) Lf Rw R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Chrysobalanaceae
Parinari capensis Harv. Nsudi funi (Not specified) Lf D R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Clusiaceae
Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex Oliv. Mungindu (Tchokwe), Kisima (Not specified) Ro, Lf, Fr D,P R5 Amuri et al. (2018) and R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0063 0.157
Garcinia kola Heckel Ngadiadia (Not specified) Sd D,N R6 Ngbolua et al. (2016b), (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0032 0.092
Combretaceae
Combretum celastroides Welw. ex M.A.Lawson Lukondambo (Luba), Mwina kyulu (Sanga) Lf, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Terminalia catappa L. Madame (Lingala), Kalanga ya Wazungu (Swahili) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Terminalia chebula Retz. Madame (Not specified) Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Terminalia mollis M.A.Lawson Kianga (Hemba), Tshibangu Mutshi (Tshiluba) Lf, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.092
Commelinaceae
Palisota schweinfurthii C.B.Clarke Mabongu-bongu (Kiyanzi), Bunda-bunda (Kongo) Lf, Wp D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Not reported Tb D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Ipomoea spathulata Hallier f. Mulapa (Sanga) Lf C R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Costaceae
Costus lucanusianus J.Braun & K.Schum. Boso boso, musanga vulu, ngo n’keni (Kongo) Lf N R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Costus phyllocephalus K.Schum Mafulungu (Kongo), Musangala (Kimbala) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0008 0.029
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis sativus L. Concombre (French) Fr F R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Momordica charantia L. Lumbusu (Not specified) Lf, Fr D,I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) and R7 Manzo (2012) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0055 0.127
Cyperaceae
Cyperus alternifolius R.Br. Ndao (Luba), Nsaku (Kongo) Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera poggei Gilg Mudia-ngulungu (Tshiluba) Lf D R1 (Katemo et al. (2012) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0047 0.124
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Nsoko ngamba, kimasoko (Not specified) Tb D R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax Nsemi nsemi, ngamba (Kongo), kiazi kikuu (Swahili) Tb D R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Dioscorea praehensilis Benth. Bandindi (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Ebenaceae
Diospyros heudelotii Hiern Mulolo kongolo (Kyzi), Lufwa lu ndomba (Kongo) Ro D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. Ditokoto (Tshiluba) Mambunzila (Kongo) Ro D,N R2 Kasika et al. (2015), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0063 0.183
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile Mutara mutshi (Bemba) Lf D R5 Mbayo et al. (2016); Amuri et al. (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0024 0.062
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Kapalatonvitonvi (Bemba) Wp D R5 Mbayo et al. (2016) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0047 0.124
Jatropha curcas L. Mbono (Swahili), Kilembelembe (Luba) Lf, Sd, Ro D,M,P R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R5 Mbayo et al. (2016); Amuri et al. (2018) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0126 0.287
Maprounea africana Müll.Arg. Kafulumume (Bemba), Kazembezembe (Luba) Ro, Sb D R5 Mbayo et al. (2016); Amuri et al. (2018), R6 Masunda et al. (2019) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0079 0.137
Ricinus communis L. Lundimba ndimba (Luba), Mubalika (Bemba) Lf, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.095
Tetrorchidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. bosefo, didi (Kilulua) Lf D R1 Mpiana et al. (2015) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Fabaceae
Abrus precatorius L. Kansengulu kandindi (Tshiluba), Abrus (French) Sb P R3 Karhagomba et al. (2013) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0032 0.065
Acacia karroo Hayne Munga (Luba), Mutonge (Sanga), Mugunga (Hemba) Lf, Sb D R5Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Acacia polyacantha Willd. Kibimbo, hibomo (hemba), Kimungamunga (Luba), Kashia (Swahili), Irangi (Kihavu) Rb,Lf D,I R3 Chiribagula et al. (2020) and R5 Bashige-Chiribagula et al. (2017); Mbuyi et al. (2019) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0071 0.213
Afrormosia angolensis (Baker) Harms Mubanga (Bemba), Mubanga kyulu (Luba) Ro,Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018); Mbuyi et al. (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0008 0.029
Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight Mulu (Kongo), Kampetanzevu(Tshiluba) Murunda (Swahili), Kapentazovu (Bemba) Lf, Ro D,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018); Bashige-Chiribagula et al. (2017); Mbuyi et al. (2019); Valentin et al. (2020), R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017); Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 8 0.0220 0.0063 0.0055 0.154
Albizia grandibracteata Taub. Mushebeye (Mashi) Kahunda (Kibembe) Sb D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Arachis hypogaea L. Mwema (Bembe) Nguba (Lingala), kalanga (Swahili) Lf D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Not reported Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Lurhe (Mashi) Lf D R3Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Cassia alata L. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Synonym) Lukunda bajanyi (Tshiluba), Mbaw-mbaw (Kongo) Lf, Ro, Sd D,M,N R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0024 0.088
Cassia occidentalis L. Lukunda bajanyi (Tshiluba), Mbaw-mbaw (Kongo), Mushigemanjoka (Mashi), Mujangajanga (Fuliru) Lf, Ro, Sd D,M,N R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Kasali et al. (2013); Chiribagula et al. (2020), R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 6 0.0165 0.0047 0.0055 0.075
Cassia petersiana Bolle Kafunga nashya (Bemba) Ro M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Cassia sieberiana DC. Kandungandunga (Tshiluba), Mugunga (Hemba) Lf D,I,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Crotalaria spinosa Hochst. ex Benth. Kabalala (Sanga) Ro, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Not reported Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Dalbergia boehmii Taub. Katembo mutshi (Luba), Katembo (Sanga) Lf, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.095
Droogmansia munamensis De Wild. Mununganunga (Bemba), Mulundeni (Lala) Lf, Sb D R7 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Eminia polyadenia Hauman - Ro M R5 Muya et al. (2014) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A.Rich. Kipungu (Sanga) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.065
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. Kisongwa (Hemba), Katshiyitshiyi (Luba), Kikumbu, kikumbu ki nzambi (Kongo) Ro,Lf,Bk D,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018), and R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017); Masunda et al. (2019) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0032 0.118
Erythrophleum africanum (Benth.) Harms Kayimbi (Tshiluba) Lf, Sb D,M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Glycine max (L.) Merr. Soja (Swahili) Lf D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A.Rich Abwebwe (Kibembe), Musholotsi (Kihavu) Ro C R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Indigofera capitata Kotschy Nkeka za ngo (Not specified) Wp P R6 Pathy et al. (2021) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Isoberlinia tomentosa (Harms) Craib & Stapf Mbaru (Mashi) Lf D R3 Chiribagula et al. (2020) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0087 0.193
Lonchocarpus katangensis De Wild. Chuya (Bemba) Sb M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Millettia drastica Welw. ex Baker Mwengeti (Kongo), Nsiengieri (Kiyanzi) Ro D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.068
Millettia eetveldeana (Micheli) Hauman Mbwenge (Not specified) Ro D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Millettia laurentii De Wild. Kiboto (Not specified) Bk D R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0000 0.000
Mucuna poggei Taub. Mpesa (Tshiluba) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. Mutie nzama (Kongo), Tshengesha (Tshiluba), Ngansi (Luba) Sb D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0063 0.131
Phaseolus lunatus L. Haricot (French), Maharagi (Swahili) Lf, Ro D,I R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cishimbo, mukenji (Mashi), Madesu (Lingala) Gp D,Tr R3 Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0024 0.088
Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. Kifumbe (Bemba, Luba) Ro M R5Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.092
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. Mukundambazu (Tabwa), Muyanga (Bemba), Sokosoko (Not specified) Sb,Bk D,P R5 Amuri et al. (2018) and R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0039 0.095
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Nkila (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. Mukula (Chokwe) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Rhynchosia insignis (O.Hoffm.) R.E.Fr. Munkoyo (Swahili) Ro M R5Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms Kiwaya (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Senna timoriensis (D.C.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Mapalata (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Swartzia madagascariensis Desv. Munienze (Luba), Mpampi (Tshiluba) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.147
Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. Uleku (Kongo), Kai-kaya (Kybe), Bubawu (Tshiluba) Lf D R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.003
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Kiwaya (Not specified) Lf M R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hausskn. Lukunde (kikabinda) Lf, Ro D,M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Gnetaceae
Gnetum africanum Welw Fumbwa (Lingala) Lf D,P R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0000 0.000
Hypericaceae
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. Mukuta (Tshiluba), Kadwamuko (Mashi), Ndura (Swahili) Lf, Ro, Sb D R3 Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0079 0.190
Psorospermum corymbiferum Hochr. Munkubagwa (Mashi) Rb M R3 Chiribagula et al. (2020) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0055 0.127
Iridaceae
Gladiolus gregarius Welw. Ex Baker Litungulu ya zamba (Not specified) Bb D,N R6 Ngbolua et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Gladiolus klattianus Hutch Kitala (Bemba), Kitokatoka (Luba) Bk D,M,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Coleus kilimandschari Gürke Mcubya (Bemba), Mutozo (Mashi), Mulavumba (Swahili) Lf, Ro D,I,M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0047 0.124
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br. Kanyamafundwe (Mashi), Namafundo (Fuliru) Wp D R3 Chiribagula et al. (2020) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.095
Ocimum gratissimum L. Malumba-lumba (Luba), Dinsusu-nsunsu (Kongo), Kitungu (Swahili), mayuyu (Kiyanzi), Dikondi, mazulu (Not specified) Lf, Ro D,I R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005); Manzo (2012) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0150 0.271
Ocimum minimum L. Dinsunsu nsusu Difioti (Not specified) Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Salvia officinalis L. Sauge (French) Lf I R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.095
Vitex madiensis Oliv. Mufutu (Luba) Lf, Ro D,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0047 0.124
Lauraceae
Persea americana Mill. Ikipapai (Lamba), Avocatier (French), Ivoka (Mashi) Lf, Sb, Fr D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Kasali et al. (2013), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R6 Ngbolua et al. (2016a); Masunda et al. (2019) 5 0.0137 0.0039 0.0047
Loganiaceae
Strychnos cocculoides Baker. Katongatonga (Luba), Bukoke (Hemba), Nzanza (Bemba) Ro,Lf D,I R5 Amuri et al. (2018); Valentin et al. (2020) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0032 0.065
Strychnos innocua Delile. Kakomekone (Swahili) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Strychnos spinosa Lam. Kisongole (Bemba), Nsansa (Swahili) Ro, Sb D,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0047 0.098
Strychnos stuhlmannii Gilg. Mubanga Kyilu (Bemba), Nkanga kyulu (Zela) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018); Valentin et al. (2020) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0016 0.059
Lythraceae
Punica granatum L. Not reported Fw I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Malvaceae
Adansonia digitata L. Mululu punga (Bemba) Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Excell & Hillc Muti ya makamashi (Swahili) Lf, Sb D,I,N R5 Amuri et al. (2017), (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0016 0.059
Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. Makasu (Not specified) Lf, Sd D,N R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Ngbolua et al. (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0008 0.029
Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. Mapio (Bambenga) Fr N R4 Mongeke et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Grewia flava DC. Bungwe (Luba) Lf, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Hibiscus esculentus L., Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Synonym) Dongodongo (Lingala) Fr D,M,P R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0016 0.033
Sida acuta Burm.f. Mudundu (Mashi) Sb D,N R2 Kasika et al. (2015) and R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0063 0.131
Urena lobata L. Pungala (Not specified), Mpungala (Not specified) Lf, Ro,Bb D R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0000 0.000
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica A.Juss Nime (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Menispermaceae
Penianthus longifolius Miers Not reported Sb M R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.092
Moraceae
Ficus benghalensis L. Nsanda (Not specified) Lf, Bk I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Ficus exasperata Vahl Kikuya (Kongo) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.065
Ficus sycomorus L. Mukunyu (Swahili), Tshikuyi (Luba) Lf, Sb, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Moringaceae
Moringa oleifera Lam Moringa (Not specified), Mti maria (Mashi), Mlongelonge (Swahili) Lf, Fw I,Tr,D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) and R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0032 0.065
Musaceae
Musa x sapientum L. Bananier (French) Bb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.092
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Bikalubitus (Not specified) Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Psidium guajava L. Lipela (Swahili), Ngalafua (Tshiluba), Ngoyavi (Kongo) Lf, Ro D,M R5 Amuri et al. (2018), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0039 0.068
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Telezia (Swahili) Fr D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R6 (Masunda et al. (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0000 0.000
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. Musanfwa (Bemba) Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0032 0.092
Nyctaginaceae
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd Bougainvillé (French) Fw M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Ochnaceae
Ochna schweinfurthiana F.Hoffm. Not reported Ro M R5 Muya et al. (2014) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Olacaceae
Olax obtusifolia De Wild. Kulokumo (Bemba) Ro D R5Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Oleaceae
Olea europaea L. Olivier (French) Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Pandaceae
Panda oleosa Pierre Okali (Lingala) Sb D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Passifloraceae
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms Komboponoke (Lamba), Kimboyi (Lala) Sb I R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Adenia venenata Forssk. Mafula (Luba) Lf, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum angolense Welw. Kipalabwengo (Bemba) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Sesamum indicum L. Wangila (Not specified) Sd D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Phyllanthaceae
Antidesma membranaceum Müll.Arg. Antidesma meiocarpum J.Léonard (Synonym) Tshilumba mutshi (Tshiluba), Mulambabwato (Bemba) Lf, Sb D,I R5 Mbayo et al. (2016) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul. Kifubia (Luba), Misengo (Kongo), Nalushushwa (Fuliru) Ro, Sb,Lf D R3 Manya et al. (2020) and R5 (Mbayo et al., (2016); Amuri et al. (2018) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0142 0.189
Bridelia ferruginea Benth Kimwindu ki nseke (Kongo), Kindundu (Kintandu), Kimwindu (not specified) Sb, Ro D R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0118 0.232
Hymenocardia acida Tul. Kapembe (Bemba), Lupep (Tchokwe), Kigeti (Kongo) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0063 0.157
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Not reported Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell Mupetwalupe (Bemba), Lulembalemba, Ludimba, lundimba, Kajimbajimba lujimba (Luba), Lulembalemba, Mulembalemba (Hemba) Lf, Ro,Fr D,Rw R5 Mbayo et al. (2016); Bashige-Chiribagula et al. (2017); Mbuyi et al. (2019) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0102 0.173
Phyllanthus niruri L. Kahungahunga (Tshiluba), Kapondo (Songye) Wp D R5 Mbayo et al. (2016) and R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0079 0.163
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax. Musangati (Swahili), Musangali (Bemba) Lf, Ro, Sd D,C R5 Mbayo et al. (2016); Amuri et al. (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0102 0.173
Uapaca kirkiana Müll.Arg. Masuku (Bemba, Luba) Sb D R5 Mbayo et al. (2016); Amuri et al. (2018) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0079 0.163
Piperaceae
Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. Kapindi (Kongo), Ketshu (Luba), Nketu (Tshiluba) Fr P R3 Kasali et al. (2013) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0055 0.101
Poaceae
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Majani tshai (Swahili), Sinda (Kongo), Citronelle (French), Lemongrass (English) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Karhagomba et al. (2013), and R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0024 0.062
Cymbopogon densiflorus (Steud.) Stapf Lusangu sangu (Not specified) Lf I,D R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017); Masunda et al. (2019) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0071 0.160
Oryza sativa L. Loso (Not specified) Lf D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Zea mays L. Muyindi (Swahili), Cigonji (Mashi) Sp D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0055 0.180
Polygalaceae
Polygala acicularis Oliv. Lunsambi nsambi (Not specified) Lf,Bk D R6 Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0016 0.059
Proteaceae
Faurea saligna Harv. Mulemu (Sanga) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Protea obtusifolia Engl. Mwinkala nikata (Tabwa) Ro, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Rhamnaceae
Maesopsis eminii Engl. Ndunga (Luba) Lf, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Kankona (Luba, Bemba, Sanga) Ro, Sb D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.033
Rubiaceae
Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth. Mutoshi (Tshiluba), Konsekonse (Bemba), Mvala (Kongo) Lf, Ro D,M R5 Amuri et al. (2018) and R7 (Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0032 0.065
Mitragyna stipulosa (DC.) Kuntze Hallea stipulosa (DC.) J.-F.Leroy (Synonym) Liluku (Lingala), Tshindubula, Mutoshi (Tshiluba), Longwa, nlongu (Kongo), Sb,Bk D R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0008 0.029
Morinda citrifolia L. Nsiki (Not specified) Bk D R7 Manzo (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.062
Morinda lucida Benth Nsiki (Kongo), Indombe (Lingala), Isuku (Swahili) Lf, Sb D,M R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R6 Masunda et al. (2019), and R7 (Moswa et al. (2005) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0079 0.137
Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. Kileso nkama (Kongo), Nkonga bululu (Tshiluba), Kongo bololo (Not specified) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R6 Ngbolua et al. (2016b); Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021), and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 5 0.0137 0.0039 0.0102 0.173
Nauclea latifolia Sm. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A.Bruce (Synonym) Lolo kienga (Kongo), Bungondo (Tshiluba) Ro, Sd D R6 Ngbolua et al. (2016b), (2019); Masunda et al. (2019) and R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0047 0.098
Sarcocephalus pobeguinii Hua ex Pobég. Kenga kimansa (Not specified) Lf D,N R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Rutaceae
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Citronier (French), Indimu (Mashi), Chunghwa kali (Swahili), Fr, Ro D,Pr R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R3 Kasali et al. (2013), and R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0095 0.249
Citrus x aurantium L., Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.(Synonym) N’lala (Kongo), Dingama (Kongo), Ndimu (Swahili), Lala (Kongo), Oranger doux(French) Lf, Ro, Fr D,M R5 Amuri et al. (2018), R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017), and R7 (Moswa et al. (2005) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0047 0.177
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Mpupwe kiulu (Luba), Pupwe (Bemba) Lf, Sb, Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.147
Santalaceae
Viscum album L. Not reported Lf I R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Simaroubaceae
Quassia africana (Baill.) Baill. Mupeshipe (Not specified), Munkadi nkadi (Not specified) Lf,Ro M,D,N R6 Ngbolua et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0118 0.232
Solanaceae
Physalis angulata L. Ndimba, lumbundu (Not specified) Wp, Lf, Fr D R7Manzo (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0047 0.124
Physalis peruviana L. Mbuma, Mpuhuhu (Mashi), Mbupuru (Kinande) Lf D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Schwenckia americana L. Lunzila nzila, Yabala mbula, Tumpa di nkombo (Kongo) Wp D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) and R7 (Moswa et al. (2005) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0087 0.166
Solanum aethiopicum L., Solanum gilo Raddi (Synonym), Solanum subsessile De Wild. (Synonym) Nyanya (Swahili), Mutete (Luba) Ro,Fr, Lf, Sd D,F R1 Katemo et al. (2012), R5 Amuri et al. (2018), and R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 3 0.0082 0.0024 0.0008 0.029
Solanum americanum Mill., Solanum nigrum L. (Synonym) Makeke (Swahili), Mulunda (Mashi) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) and R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 2 0.0055 0.0016 0.0032 0.092
Solanum melongena L. Mbolongo (Not specified) Fr D R6 Masunda et al. (2019) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Solanum seretii De Wild. Impwa (Bemba) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0016 0.059
Solanum tuberosum L. Pomme de terre (French), Birai (Swahili) Tb F R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Thomandersiaceae
Thomandersia hensii De Wild. & T.Durand Ikoka (Turumbu), Liowa (Topoke) Lf D R1 Katemo et al. (2012) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0071 0.186
Urticaceae
Musanga cecropioides R.Br. ex Tedlie Nsanga (Kongo), Mulombele (Tshiluba) Lf I R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.095
Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv. - Ro D R6 Latham and Mbuta (2017) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0063 0.131
Urtica dioica L. Chachingi (Mashi) Lf T,I R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0039 0.147
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L. Mavi ya kuku (Swahili) Lf D,I R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0071 0.160
Lippia multiflora Moldenke Bulukuti (Kongo), Filia m’filu filu (Kiyombe), Bulukutu, mbulunkutu (Kongo) Lf I,D,P Latham and Mbuta (2017); Masunda et al. (2019); Pathy et al. (2021), and 7 Moswa et al. (2005) 4 0.0110 0.0032 0.0039 0.121
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl Telezia (Swahili) Lf D R3 Kasali et al. (2013) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0008 0.029
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera L. Raisin (French) Lf D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0000 0.000
Zingiberaceae
Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. Mundongo (Lingala), Ndungu zi nzo (Kongo) Sd P R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0024 0.088
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Tangawisi (Swahili, Luba, Kongo), Nungu zikanda (Kybe), Tangawiwi (Lingala), Nunguzikanda (Kiyombe) Rz P R7 Moswa et al. (2005) 1 0.0027 0.0008 0.0071 0.160
Zygophyllaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Mubambangoma (Swahili), Mbambangoma (Luba) Ro D R5 Amuri et al. (2018) 1 0.0027 0.0016 0.0032 0.092

Legend: The parts: Ap(aerial part); Bb(bulb); Bk(bark); Fr(fruit); Fw(flower); Gp(green pods); Lf(leaf); Lt(Latex); Ro(root); Rb(Root bark); Rz(rhizome); Sd(seed); Sb(stem bark); Sp(spathe); Tb(tuber); and Wp(whole plant). Forms: D(decoction), I(infusion), M(maceration), T(Tincture), Tr(Trituration), N(Not specified), Pr(Pression), C(Chewing), P(Powder), Rw(Raw) Regions: R1(Kisangani), R2(Beni and Lubero), R3(Bukavu), R4(Bagdolite and Kungu), R5(Lubumbashi, Kafubu, Kasumbalesa, Kipushi, Likasi and Sambwa), R6(Kinshasa, Kwango and Kongo central). Quantitavive Ethnopharmacology: FC(Frequency of citation), NC(Number of citations), RFC(Relative Frequency of Citation), RII(Relative Imprtance Index), UV(Use value).