TABLE 6.
Major phytochemicals of each plant with demonstrated antidiabetic activity.
| Scientific Names | Antidiabetic compounds |
|---|---|
| Abrus precatorius | Luteolin, lupenone, 24-methylnecycloartenone, and luteolin Vadivel et al. (2011); Yonemoto et al. (2014) |
| Aframomum melegueta | Arylalkanes, 6-paradol, 6-shogaol, 6-gingerol, 6-gingeredione, a pentacyclic triterpene, oleanolic acid isolated from the fruit Sugita et al. (2013); Mohammed et al. (2017). |
| Ageratum conyzoides | Precocene II Adebayo et al. (2010), and Kaempferol Tahora et al. (2018), |
| Allium cepa | Ferulic acid, alliin Tang et al. (2008), agavasaponin C Tang et al. (2008), flavonoid alliuocide G Mohamed (2008), quercetin, sulfur compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and other chemical groups. S-methyl cystein sulfoxide, S-allyl cysteine and diallyl thiosulfanate Kim et al. (2010), Bakhshaeshi et al. (2012), Noor et al. (2013), Cepadial D ; 1,3,11a-trihydroxy-9-(3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-on-2-yl)-5a-[4-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxyphenyl]-5,6,11-hexahydro-5,6,11- trioxanaphthacene-12-one ; and 1,3,11a-trihydroxy-9-(3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-on-2-yl)-5a-[1,3,11a-trihydroxy-5a-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6,11-hexahydro-5,6,11-trioxanaphthacene-12- on-9-yl]-5,6,11-hexahydro-5,6,11-trioxanaphthacene-12-on Vu et al. (2020). |
| Allium sativum | S-allylcysteine sulfoxide, alliin, diallyl trisulfide Liu et al. (2007); Mikaili et al. (2013), isoeruboside B, agavasaponin C, proto-iso-erubisoide B, 2-Vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin Tang et al. (2008), allicin, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, ajoene, and allyl mercaptan Bayan et al. (2014). |
| Aloe vera | Lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartanol and cycloartanol Misawa et al. (2012), aloeresin A Chang et al. (2013b), aloerisin Jong-anurakkun et al. (2008), aloe-emodin-8-O-glucoside, polysaccharides Salehi et al. (2018), aloin, barbaloin, isobarbaloine, aloetic acid, emodin, cinnamic acid, crysophanic acidleucine, isoleucine, alanin, glucomannan, cellulose, mannose, zinc, glucosamines Bharti et al. (2018). |
| Anacardium occidentale | Anacardic acid Tedong et al. (2010), lectin MacIel et al. (2012) |
| Arachis hypogaea | Leucocyanidin, stigmasterol Tang et al. (2008), resveratrol Gothai et al. (2016) phenolic compounds such as catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, rutin, trans-ferulic acid, isoquercitri, resveratrol, luteolin, quercetin, trans-cinnamic acid, chrysoeriol Park et al. (2017). |
| Artemisia absinthium | α-and ß-thujones Daradka et al. (2014) |
| Azadirachta indica | 3-Deacetyl-3-cinnamoyl-azadirachtin Jalil et al. (2013), 4'-methyl-quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, 2,3-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-D-(4)C1-glucopyranose, avicularin, castalagin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside Abdelhady et al. (2016) sistosterol, stigmasterol, campestrol, squalene, nimbiol and others Sanni et al. (2019). |
| Balanites aegyptiaca | Furostanol saponins Ezzat et al. (2017), balanitin 1 and 2, diosgenin, stigmast-4-en-3-ol, pure saponins Hassanina et al. (2018) |
| Bidens pilosa | Cytopiloyne, 2- β -D-Glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxytrideca-5,7,9,11-tetrayne Chang et al. (2013a), polyynes Bartolome et al. (2013), 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-hydroxy-6(E)-tetradecene-8,10,12-triyne; 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxy-5(E)-tridecene-7,9,11-triyne Chang et al. (2013b). |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis | Pinitol, βsitosterol, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside Jawlal et al. (2013). |
| Brassica juncea | Cinnamic acid Guzman (2014), Kaempferol Gothai et al. (2016), aniline Sundowo et al. (2018) |
| Brassica oleracea | Cinnamic acid Guzman (2014), kaempferol Gothai et al. (2016) |
| Bridelia ferruginea | Epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate Bakoma et al. (2018) |
| Caesalpinia decapetala | Apigenin-7-rhamnoside, astragalin, 6-hydroxy kaempferol, quercitrin Parveen et al. (2017) |
| Calendula officinalis | Caffeic acid, aesculetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin Olennikov and Kashchenko (2014). |
| Carica papaya | Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, and tannin Chang et al. (2013b) |
| Cassia alata | Emodin Uwazie et al. (2020) |
| Cassia occidentalis | Flavonoids Gupta et al. (2017) |
| Catharanthus roseus | Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids Rianika and Robert (2007), vindoline I, vindolidine II, vindolicine III and vindolinine Tiong et al. (2013), catharanthine, vindoline, vindolinene vinblastine, vincristine Bharti et al. (2018). |
| Citrus x aurantium | Narigin Pu et al. (2012), neohesperidin Osfor et al. (2013), Jia et al. (2015), epigallocatechin 3-gallate Chang et al. (2013b), diosmin, hesperetin Gothai et al. (2016), p-synerphine Suntar et al. (2018), N-acyl-2-aminothiazoles fused (+)-nootkatone Guo et al. (2020). |
| Citrus limon | Diosmin, eriodictyol, naringenin, hesperetin Gothai et al. (2016) |
| Cola nitida | caffein-rich Erukainure et al. (2017), caffeine and theobromine Erukainure et al. (2019). |
| Cucumis sativus | Kaempferol Ibitoye et al. (2017) |
| Cyamopsis tetragonoloba | Polyphenols-rich Gandhi et al. (2014) |
| Erythrina abyssinica | Benzofurans, coumestans Nguyen et al. (2010), flavonoids Ndinteh (2018) |
| Eucalyptus globulus | Euglobals, essential oils, macrocarpals Dey and Mitra (2013) |
| Ficus exasperata | α-amyrin acetate Nnamonu et al. (2016) |
| Garcinia kola | Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex Adaramoye and Adeyemi (2006) |
| Glycine max | Daidzein, genistein, glycitein, beta-Sitosterol, Soyasaponin A1-A6, soyasaponin V, stigmasterol Tang et al. (2008), anthocyanins Nizamutdinova et al. (2009), lyceollin I-II Chang et al. (2013b), kaempferol glycoside rich fraction, kaempferol Zang et al. (2014), stigmasterol Wang et al. (2017b), soy isoflavones (genistein, diadzein) Bharti et al. (2018). |
| Harungana madagascariensis | Harunganols, kenganthranol A, harunganin, ferruginin A Johnson et al. (2015). |
| Hibiscus esculentus | Polysaccharide “rhamnogalacturonan” Liu et al. (2017). |
| Jatropha curcas | Flavonoid glycosides (rhiofolin, isoorientin, and isoquercetrin) El-baz et al. (2014) |
| Lantana camara | Stearoyl glucoside of ursolic acid (urs-12-en-3β-ol-28-oic acid 3β-D-glucopyranosyl-4′- octadecanoate) Kazmi et al. (2012) |
| Mangifera indica | The mangiferin Cruz-Vega et al. (2009), 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose Mohan et al. (2013); curcumin, morin Gothai et al. (2016), gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid (Protocatechuic acid), kaempferol Ediriweera et al. (2017), flavonoids Pan et al. (2018); 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucoside, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-α-D-glucoside Yang et al. (2020). |
| Momordica charantia | Saponins Keller et al. (2011), cucurbitane triterpenoids Harinantenaina et al. (2006), Han et al. (2018), polysaccharide Xu et al. (2015), cucurbitane saponins Yue et al. (2017), saponins and polysaccharides Wang et al. (2019), insulin-like peptide, charantin, alkaloid vicine Pahlavani et al. (2019), 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al, charantal, charantoside XI, and 25ξ-isopropenylchole-5, 6-ene-3-O-D-glucopyranoside Shivanagoudra et al. (2019), polysaccharide-chromium (III) complex Zhang et al. (2019), saponins and polysaccharides Wang et al. (2019), momordicinin Kulkarni et al. (2021), Karaviloside VI and VIII Perera et al. (2021), 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al Noruddin et al. (2021), yeojoosides G-H, momordicoside U, karavilagenin A, goyaglycoside d, momordicoside F1, momordicoside L, momordicoside K, and 68 (3β,7β,23S)-3,7,23-trihydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al 7-β-D-glucopyranose Lee et al. (2021). |
| Moringa oleifera | Isothiocyanate-rich Waterman et al. (2016), protein (Mo-LPI) Paula et al. (2017), phenolic glycosides Wang et al. (2017b), 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrite, fluoropyrazine, methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, vanillin Hafizur et al. (2018) |
| Musa x sapientum | Rutin Kappel et al. (2013), syringin Sundaram et al. (2014) |
| Ocimum gratissimum | Chicoric acid Casanova et al. (2014) |
| Olea europaea | Oleuropein, oleanolic acid Sato et al. (2007), luteolin Dekdouk et al. (2015) |
| Opuntia ficus-indica | Polysaccharides El-mostafa et al. (2014), polyphenols, dietary minerals, betalains, gallic acid, vanillic acid, catechins Gupta et al. (2017), mucopolysaccharide Bharti et al. (2018) |
| Oryza sativa | γ-oryzanol Burlando and Cornara (2014), ferulic acid, p-coumaric Aalim et al. (2019), cyanidin 3-glucoside, and (2R,3R)-taxifolin Yoon et al. (2020). |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Stigmasterol Tang et al. (2008), catechin Gothai et al. (2016), flavonoids and their glucosides of delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin, anthocyanins, catechin, myricetin 3-O-arabinoside, epicatechin, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and O-coumaric acid Ganesan and Xu (2017), and triacylglycerols Sutedja et al. (2020). |
| Phyllanthus amarus | Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid (2:1) mixture Ali et al. (2006) |
| Phyllanthus niruri | Ellagic acid and its derivatives Bharti et al. (2018) |
| Physalis angulata | Withangulatin-A Raju and Mamidala (2015) |
| Physalis peruviana | Peruvioses A,B,C,D,E,F Bernal et al. (2018) |
| Psidium guajava L. | Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin , Strictinin, isostrictinin Wang et al. (2010), pedunculagin, glycoprotein Chauhan et al. (2010); Singab et al. (2014), and polysaccharides Zhang et al. (2016). |
| Pterocarpus marsupium | Phenolic-C-glycosides Mishra et al. (2013) |
| Punica granatum | gallic acid Huang et al. (2005), valoneic acid dilactone Jain et al. (2012), ursolic and oleanolic Salah El Dine et al. (2014), polyphenols Tang et al. (2018), rutin, gallic acid, nictoflorin, and tulipanin El Deeb et al. (2021). |
| Salvia officinalis | Essential oils with 71.3% of monoterpenes Belhadj et al. (2018) |
| Sesamum indicum | (+)-Pinoresinol Wikul et al. (2012), furofuran lignans Worawalai et al. (2016) |
| Solanum americanum | Amide alkaloids Silva et al. (2017) |
| Solanum melongena | Phenylethyl cinnamides Liu et al. (2011) |
| Spondias mombin | 3b-olean-12-en-3-yl (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoate Fred-Jaiyesimi et al. (2009) |
| Syzygium cumini | Gallic acid, umbelliferone, ellagic acid Perera et al. (2017), mallic acid, chlorogenic acid Bharti et al. (2018). |
| Terminalia chebula | Chebulagic acid Huang et al. (2012); Shyni et al. (2014), hydrolyzable tannins Lee et al. (2017). |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum | GII Puri et al. (2011), galactomannan Anwar et al. (2011), 4-hydroxyisoleucine Rangari et al. (2014); Naicker et al. (2016), diosgenin, galactomannan, flavonoids, trigonelline Zameer et al. (2017); isonarthogenin, 22β-acetoxyolean-12-ene- 3β, 24-diol, and soyasapogenol B Zhang et al. (2020). |
| Urtica dioica | Quercetin, quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside Bharti et al. (2018). |
| Vernonia amygdalina | Sesquiterpenes Zhao et al. (2012), monoterpenes, sobrerol Li et al. (2013b), vernoamyoside E Anh et al. (2021) |
| Vitis vinifera | Cinnamic acid Guzman (2014), resveratrol, naringenin Gothai et al. (2016), proanthocyanidin, raisin Bharti et al. (2018). |
| Xylopia aethiopica | Oleanolic acid Mohammed et al. (2021). |
| Zanthoxylum chalybeum | Chaylbemides A-C, fagaramide, skimmianine, norchelerythrine, 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine, and 6-hydroxy-N-methyl decarine Ochieng et al. (2020). |
| Zea mays | Hirsutrin Kim et al. (2013), anthocyanins Hong et al. (2013), phenolics compounds Nile and Park (2014) |
| Zingiber officinale | Gingerol Sekiya et al. (2004), aframodial, camphene, 6-shogaol Tang et al. (2008), β-bisabolol Le (2014), 6-shogaol Fajrin et al. (2020). |