Table 4.

Risk factors associated with the presence of zoonotic enteric pathogens in different endpoints (environment, human at all age range, and children under-five) through the waterborne and environmental pathways in smallholders in LMIC.

Pathways	Risk factors	Endpoints (pathogen reservoir)&*	References
Waterborne	Use of untreated water for household cleaning activities	Environment: fecal indicator E. coli (A/Z) in households	(219)
	Poor access to safe drinking water	Human: intestinal parasite infection (A/Z)	(208)
Environmental	Household crowding	Human: intestinal parasite infection (A/Z)	(208, 212)
	Poor garbage disposal manner	Human: Cryptosporidium spp. infection (A/Z)	(221)
		CU5: symptomatic Campylobacter spp. infection (Z)	(205)
	Exposure to contaminated floor (pathogen-positive) in household	CU5: Campylobacter spp. infection (Z)	(200)

^& Endpoints related to zoonotic enteric pathogen infection driven by the risk factors are characterized at the following levels: (1) Environment: presence of zoonotic enteric pathogens in the environment in/around a household (e.g., soil, water, food, fomites); (2) Human: (a)symptomatic zoonotic enteric pathogen infection in humans of all ages; (3) CU5 (children under five): (a)symptomatic zoonotic enteric pathogen infection in CU5.

^*A, anthroponotic; Z, zoonotic; A/Z, anthroponotic/zoonotic.