Table 5.

Risk factors associated with the presences of zoonotic enteric pathogens in different endpoints (human at all age range, and children under-five) fallen under the social-demographic category or through the foodborne and person-to-person pathways in smallholders in LMIC.

Pathways	Risk factors	Endpoints (pathogen reservoir)&*	References
Person-to-person	Sharing residence with infected people	Human: Cryptosporidium hominis infection (A) in a setting where animal reservoir (non-human primates) was present	(181)
Foodborne	Consumption of uncooked meat	Human: Campylobacter jejuni infection (Z)	(223)
	Current breastfeeding	CU5: Campylobacter spp. infection (Z)	(32)
	Animal source food consumption	CU5: Campylobacter spp. infection (Z)	(32)
Levels in the social- ecological model ( 215 )
Community	Residence in village	Human: Cryptosporidium spp. infection (A/Z)	(181, 222)
Relationship	Lower household SES	Human: Intestinal parasite (including Giardia lamblia) infection (A/Z)	(211)
	Lower level of adult education	Human: intestinal parasite (including G. lamblia) infection (A/Z)	(211)
Individual	Human: younger age	Human: Campylobacter spp. infection (Z)	(223)

^& Endpoints related to zoonotic enteric pathogen infection driven by the risk factors are characterized at the following levels: (1) Human: (a)symptomatic zoonotic enteric pathogen infection in humans of all ages; (2) CU5 (children under five): (a)symptomatic zoonotic enteric pathogen infection in CU5.

^*A, anthroponotic; Z, zoonotic; A/Z, anthroponotic/zoonotic.