Table 1.
Weighted demographic, socioeconomic, health behavior characteristics, and outcomes by race-ethnicity, country of origin, and duration of residence: US-residing adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2016) (N = 10,833).
|
US-born |
Foreign-born Mexicans (FBM) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic whites (NHW) (N = 7700) |
Mexican Americans (MA) (N = 1334) |
In US < 10 years (N = 491) | In US 10+ years (N = 1308) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, [mean (SE)] | 47.2†‡§ (0.277) | 40.2*‡§ (0.462) | 32.2*†§ (0.552) | 42.1*†‡ (0.553) |
| Gender, male [%] | 49.9‡§ | 50.9‡§ | 59.1*† | 54.9*† |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Education [%] | ||||
| Less than high school | 11.7†‡§ | 24.1*‡§ | 66.5*† | 67.5*† |
| High school or GED | 24.5§ | 24.1§ | 20.7 | 16.4*† |
| Some college or college graduate | 63.7†‡§ | 51.8*‡§ | 12.8*† | 16.2*† |
| Income-to-poverty ratio (PIR), [mean (SE)] | 3.3†‡§ (0.044) | 2.5*‡§ (0.085) | 1.3*†§ (0.064) | 1.6*†‡ (0.048) |
| Employment [%] | ||||
| Not employed | 32.3‡ | 31.6‡ | 24.8*† | 29.0 |
| Part time (1–34 h/week) | 14.3 | 14.5 | 13.3 | 12.8 |
| Full time (≥35 h/week) | 53.4‡§ | 53.9‡ | 61.9*† | 58.2* |
| Health behaviors | ||||
| Smoking, years spent [mean (SE)] | 10.7†‡§ (0.257) | 6.8*‡ (0.371) | 4.8*†§ (0.428) | 6.5*‡ (0.383) |
| Alcohol [%] | ||||
| Never or former drinker | 23.7‡§ | 25.3§ | 30.8* | 35.7*† |
| Current moderate drinker | 38.8†‡§ | 26.1*‡§ | 19.2*† | 20.4*† |
| Current heavy or binge drinker | 37.5†‡§ | 48.6* | 50.0* | 43.8* |
| Food security [%] | ||||
| Full food security | 85.4†‡§ | 65.7*‡§ | 45.1*†§ | 53.6*†‡ |
| Marginal food security | 5.4†‡§ | 15.1*‡ | 23.5*†§ | 17.5*‡ |
| Low/very low food security | 9.2†‡§ | 19.2*‡§ | 31.4*†§ | 28.9*† |
| Outcomes, unadjusted 18-year prevalence | ||||
| High-risk metabolic health indicators [%] | ||||
| Pre-diabetes | 43.2§ | 44.8§ | 41.9§ | 55.5*†‡ |
| High triglycerides | 29.5§ | 31.5 | 29.2 | 34.4* |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 40.3‡ | 41.6‡ | 34.4*†§ | 40.7‡ |
| High blood pressure | 38.5†‡§ | 32.0*‡§ | 13.2*†§ | 26.5*†‡ |
| High waist circumference | 54.6†‡ | 60.8*‡§ | 36.9*†§ | 54.8†‡ |
| Obesity | 33.5†‡§ | 45.5†‡§ | 23.2*†§ | 39.8†‡§ |
| Metabolic syndrome, ≥3 high-risk health indicators |
45.5†‡ | 50.9*‡ | 29.5*†§ | 49.6‡ |
| Outcomes, age-standardized 18-year prevalencea | ||||
| High-risk metabolic health indicators [%] | ||||
| Pre-diabetes | 40.5†‡§ | 49.8*§ | 50.7*§ | 56.9*†‡ |
| High triglycerides | 28.6†‡§ | 33.7* | 37.6* | 34.3* |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 39.0†§ | 43.2* | 38.2 | 42.3* |
| High blood pressure | 34.9†‡§ | 38.5*‡§ | 28.8*† | 30.8*† |
| High waist circumference | 52.6† | 63.5*‡§ | 50.7† | 55.5† |
| Obesity | 32.7†‡§ | 46.2*‡§ | 28.1*†§ | 40.1*†‡ |
| Metabolic syndrome, ≥3 high-risk health indicators |
42.9†§ | 55.4*‡§ | 43.0†§ | 50.7*†‡ |
Notes. Weighted descriptive statistics. Symbols indicate a statistically significant difference at the α = 0.05 level in proportions/means between the respective group in each column and US-born non-Hispanic whites (*), US-born Mexican Americans (†), foreign-born Mexicans in the US < 10 years (‡), and foreign-born Mexicans in the US 10 or more years (§).
Prevalence rates for the eighteen-year study period are age-standardized to the US population distribution according to the 2000 US Census and incorporate survey weights to generate nationally representative estimates.