TABLE 1.

Identification of high‐need, high‐cost patient personas for international comparison

National Academy of Medicine Priority Population	Identified high‐need patient personas for comparison	Age group	Identification with diagnostic codes
Frail older person	Older person with hip fracture	65 years and above	Primary diagnoses of hospitalization S72.0: Fracture of neck of femur S72.1: Pertrochanteric fracture S72.2: Subtrochanteric fracture Procedures (using country‐specific codes) Total hip replacement Partial hip replacement Osteosynthesis/pinning
Person with complex multimorbidity	Older person admitted with a heart failure exacerbation with a comorbidity of diabetes	65–90 years	Primary diagnosis of hospitalization I50: Heart failure Secondary diagnosis of diabetes E11‐E14

Note: Across most countries, the diagnostic classification system of ICD‐10‐WHO codes was used. Spain used ICD‐9 codes, whereas the Netherlands used a customized approach to identify relevant codes using input from clinical experts in private insurer data.