TABLE A7.
| Health system characteristics | Australia | Canada | England | France | Germany | The Netherlands | New Zealand | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health system expenditure per capita (2019) | $5187 | $5418 | $4653 | $5376 | $6646 | $5765 | $4204 | $3616 | $5782 | $7732 | $11,072 |
| Long‐term care expenditure per capita (2017) | $101 | $923 | $726 | $780 | $1099 | $1385 | ‐ | $317 | $1425 | $1409 | $512 |
| Health system expenditure % of GDP (2019) | 9.3% | 10.8% | 10.3% | 11.2% | 11.7% | 10.0% | 9.3% | 9.0% | 10.9% | 12.1% | 17.0% |
| Long‐term care expenditure % of GDP (2017) | 0.2% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 2.6% | ‐ | 0.9% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 0.9% |
| Type of system (NHS type, private insurance, social insurance) | National public health insurance | National public insurance | National health care system (NHS) | Statutory insurance through employment‐based funds, tax‐financed coverage for unemployed | Mostly statutory insurance with some private insurance | Statutory, mandatory insurance through 11 private nonprofit carriers | National health care system | National health care system | National health care system with decentralized service delivery | National health insurance for basic coverage with optional supplementary insurance plans | Mix of public and private insurance |
| Population coverage (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 91.5 |
| Payment system of hospitals | Public hospitals mostly activity‐based (DRG) payments, with the rest global budgets while private hospitals mainly FFS | Global budgets, some case‐based payment | Mostly case‐based payments, with some local bundled‐payment pilots | Mostly case‐based (DRG) payments | Case‐based (DRG) payments | Case‐based (DRG) payments with a global budget | Case‐based payments | Mostly global budgets, some episode‐based payments | Mostly global budgets, remainder case‐based (DRG) payments or PFP | Case‐based (DRG) payments for inpatient care, FFS for outpatient care | Mix of FFS, case‐based (DRG), and per‐diem payments |
| Payment system of primary care (FFS, capitation, PFP, hybrid) | Mostly FFS, some PFP | Mostly FFS, some alternative payments or salaries | Mix of capitation, FFS, PFP | Mix of FFS and PFP, capitated annual bonus for chronic diseases | FFS | Mix of capitation and FFS, some bundled payments and PFP | Capitation and FFS, some incentive payments | Global budgets, capitation, PFP | Mostly capitation, some FFS or PFP | Mostly FFS, some capitation | Mostly FFS, some capitation and incentive payments |
Abbreviations: DRG, diagnosis‐related group; FFS, fee‐for‐service; GDP, gross domestic product; NHS, National Health Service; PFP, pay for performance.