Table 1. Summary of Maternal Psychosocial Factors Examined in This Study.

Measure	Period	Definition
		Instrument(s)	Time point(s)	Importance
Stressful life events
Partner emotional cruelty	Prenatal and perinatal	5 Items corresponding to these 2 sets of domains, taken from a 42-item stressful life events inventory	18 wk of Gestation and 8 wk after birth	Items captured experiences of interpersonal stress and complemented our focus on social support
Loss of a family member or friend	Prenatal and perinatal
Psychopathological history
Severe lifetime depression history	Prenatal	Report on history of 24 medical and psychiatric conditions	12 wk of Gestation	Items accounted for a possible latent trait of psychopathological history that complemented prospective survey measure
Any lifetime psychiatric problem	Prenatal
Maternal depression or anxiety at 18 gestational weeks	Prenatal	The Crown-Crisp Experiential Index and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale52,53,54; presence of psychopathological symptoms was determined using previously established thresholds53,55,56	18 and 32 wk of gestation	Items accounted for changes in the time-varying state of maternal psychopathological symptoms during pregnancy rather than lifetime exposure
Maternal depression or anxiety at 32 gestational weeks	Prenatal
Neighborhood disadvantage
Neighborhood disadvantage	Prenatal	2 Measures composed of 10 items in total that asked mothers to indicate the degree to which they were concerned about safety and their impression of the neighborhood environment	8 wk of Gestation	Items captured socioeconomic disadvantage at the neighborhood level
Social support
Social support at 12 gestational weeks	Prenatal	A 10-item questionnaire created by the ALSPAC team to measure perceived levels of social support in both the prenatal and perinatal periods57	12 wk of Gestation and 8 wk post partum	Items provided insights into protective factors, which complemented the analysis on stress
Social support at 8 wk post partum	Perinatal

Abbreviation: ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.