Table 3.
Descriptive statistics for recalculated ROI, article characteristics, rubric scores, quality indices, and study design among articles that had ROI measures for workplace wellness program evaluations and were included in a scoping review of articles published before December 20, 2019 (N = 31)
| Summary item | Value |
|---|---|
| Recalculated ROI, mean (SD) | 0.38 (3.29) |
| Article characteristics, frequency (%) | |
| ROI with only health care cost | 7 (23) |
| ROI with only absenteeism cost | 7 (23) |
| ROI with health care and absenteeism | 4 (13) |
| ROI with health care and presenteeism | 5 (16) |
| ROI with absenteeism and presenteeism | 4 (13) |
| ROI with health care, absenteeism, and presenteeism | 4 (13) |
| Evaluated program: only wellness | 22 (71) |
| Evaluated program: only disease management | 4 (13) |
| Evaluated program: wellness and disease management | 5 (16) |
| Study duration is ≥3 years | 18 (58) |
| Publication year before 2000 | 5 (16) |
| Publication year 2000-2010 | 7 (23) |
| Publication year 2011-2014 | 9 (29) |
| Publication year 2015-2019 | 10 (32) |
| Conflict of interest (based on funding source) | 10 (32) |
| Program in a small company | 3 (10) |
| Statistical inference information | 5 (16) |
| Rigor rubric main domains, mean (SD) | |
| Reporting (8 items) | 7.0 (0.8) |
| Internal validity (8 items) | 4.9 (2.1) |
| External validity (1 item) | 0.2 (0.4) |
| Power (1 item) | 0.1 (0.3) |
| Quality index: items are equally weighted | 12.2 (3.0) |
| Study design, frequency (%) | |
| Randomized studies | 12 (39) |
| Quasi-experimental studies | 4 (13) |
| Observational cohort studies with control group | 1 (3) |
| Observational case studies with comparison group | 8 (26) |
| Observational studies without comparison group | 6 (19) |
Abbreviations: ROI, return on investment; SD, standard deviation.