Head-to-head comparisons of immunomodulators for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking.

We aim to rank immunomodulators in the treatment of COVID-19 according to their efficacy and safety.

Regarding both efficacy and safety, ruxolitinib was the best treatment followed by baricitinib. Meanwhile, methylprednisolone had the worst combined efficacy and safety among the examined treatments.

Further well-conducted randomized controlled trials should focus on JAK inhibitors. Methylprednisolone use should be discouraged because of its poor efficacy and high risk of superimposed infection.