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Berberine suppresses endothelial activation that leads to neovascularization. Activation of Akt/mTOR pathways attenuated Berberine-induced inhibition of mRNA expression (a) and protein expression (b) of VEGF, and HIF-1α expression (c). Berberine suppresses the insulin-induced (d) proliferation, (e) migration, (f) permeability of retina endothelial cells.
