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Effect of GPR109A on autophagy. (a-c) Protein levels of p62 and LC3B in the mammary gland. (d, e) Protein levels of p-APMK, AMPK, p-Beclin, Beclin, p-ULK1, ULK1, P62 and LC3B in niacin treated cells at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. (f) After 24 hours of niacin treatment, the autophagy flow of EpH4-Ev increased significantly. (g) Autophagy lysosomes in EpH4-Ev. Values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3) (**** p<0.0001).
