Table 3.

Studies about various laboratory tests in patients with PANDAS or PANS.

Laboratory tests	References	Results
Vitamin D	Celik et al. (27), Stagi et al. (19), Frankovich et al. (28), Gromark et al. (29), and Gromark et al. (30)	Low levels both in PANDAS than in PANS patients.
Ferritin	Gromark et al. (29) and Chan et al. (31)	Hypoferritinemia in PANS patients.
Iron	Chan et al. (31)	Low serum iron levels in PANS patients.
D8/17-reactive cells	Swedo et al. (25), Luo et al. (21), and Sokol et al. (26)	High levels in PANDAS patients, but poor specificity.
Celiac test	Stagi et al. (17), Frankovich et al. (28), Gromark et al. (29), and Gromark et al. (30)	Elevated transglutaminase antibodies in 1.2%−11% of patients with PANDAS/PANS.
Thyroid tests	Stagi et al. (17), Frankovich et al. (28), Gromark et al. (29), Gagliano et al. (32), and Gromark et al. (30)	Elevated antithyroid antibodies in 2.46%−36%, and TSH abnormalities and/or low T4 in 3.8%−11% of patients with PANDAS/PANS.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)	Chain et al. (20), Stagi et al. (17), Williams et al. (33), Gromark et al. (29), Murphy et al. (34), Gagliano et al. (32), Lepri et al. (35), Gromark et al. (30), and Frankovich et al. (28)	Positive ANA titers in 0.5%−37.1% of PANDAS/PANS patients.
Anti-A carbohydrate (anti-ACHO) antibody	Murphy et al. (3, 23)	Elevated levels in PANDAS patients.
Histone antibodies	Frankovich et al. (28)	Positive titers in 15% of PANS patients.
Immune parameters (Ig subclasses, cytokine)	Frankovich et al. (28), Murphy et al. (34), Murphy et al. (36), Gromark et al. (29), and Gromark et al. (30)	Altered immunoglobulin profiles and cytokine levels (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, and IL8, IL10) in PANS patients.