Table 4.

Neuroimaging studies in patients with PANDAS or PANS.

References	N° patients	Results
Giedd et al. (63)	34 PANDAS	MRI: The average size of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, but not the thalamus, were larger in the PANDAS group than the control.
Kumar et al. (64)	29 (17 PANDAS, 12 TS)	MRI: Normal. PET scanning: Activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, increased in bilateral caudate and bilateral lentiform nucleus in the PANDAS group and in bilateral caudate nuclei only in the TS group, compared to control group.
Cabrera et al. (65)	14 PANDAS	MRI: The pattern for the gray and white matter was significantly different between subjects with PANDAS and controls. Alterations emerged in the cortex, subcortex, and cerebellum. There were no significant group differences in DTI measures or cortical features.
Gamucci et al. (59)	11 (6 PANS, 5 PANDAS)	MRI: Normal.
Gagliano et al. (32)	39 PANS	MRI: Minor structural ≪incidental≫ abnormalities (no specific volumetric and/or inflammatory changes in the basal ganglia or cortical areas) in 21% of the sample.
Zheng et al. (66)	34 PANS	MRI: Increased diffusion patterns in all assessed brain regions, particularly the deep gray matter (thalamus, basal ganglia, and amygdala), compared with control participants.