Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of risk factors for MDR Acinetobacter
| Characteristic | MDR (n=455) | Non-MDR (n=318) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics & SCI Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18-49 | 44 (9.7%) | 50 (15.7%) | Reference | |
| 50-64 | 239 (52.5%) | 147 (46.2%) | 1.85 (1.17-2.91) | p=0.008 |
| 65+ | 172 (37.8%) | 121 (38.1%) | 1.62 (1.01-2.58) | p=0.043 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 452 (99.3%) | 310 (97.5%) | Reference | |
| Female | 3 (0.7%) | 8 (2.5%) | 0.26 (0.07-0.98) | p=0.032 |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 62 (13.6%) | 24 (7.5%) | Reference | |
| Midwest | 85 (18.7%) | 74 (23.3%) | 0.44 (0.25-0.78) | p=0.005 |
| South | 257 (56.5%) | 176 (55.4%) | 0.56 (0.34-0.94) | p=0.028 |
| West | 51 (11.2%) | 44 (13.8%) | 0.45 (0.24-0.83) | p=0.011 |
| Extent | ||||
| Incomplete | 159 (34.9%) | 131 (41.2%) | Reference | |
| Complete | 229 (50.3%) | 145 (45.6%) | 1.30 (0.95-1.78) | p=0.097 |
| Missing | 67 (14.7%) | 42 (13.2%) | 1.31 (0.84-2.06) | p=0.234 |
| Level | ||||
| Tetraplegia | 221 (48.6%) | 151 (47.5%) | Reference | |
| Paraplegia | 189 (41.5%) | 141 (44.3%) | 0.92 (0.68-1.24) | p=0.567 |
| Missing | 45 (9.9%) | 26 (8.2%) | 1.18 (0.70-2.00) | p=0.532 |
| Onset of Injury | ||||
| Non-Traumatic | 97 (21.35) | 64 (20.1%) | Reference | |
| Traumatic | 279 (61.35) | 222 (69.8%) | 0.83 (0.58-1.19) | p=0.31 |
| Missing | 79 (17.4%) | 32 (10.1%) | 1.63 (0.97-2.73) | p=0.064 |
| Duration of Injury | ||||
| 0-10 years | 189 (41.5%) | 102 (32.1%) | Reference | |
| 11-20 years | 54 (11.9%) | 51 (16.0%) | 0.57 (0.36-0.90) | p=0.015 |
| 21+ years | 168 (36.9%) | 128 (40.3%) | 0.71 (0.51-0.99) | p=0.042 |
| Missing | 44 (9.7%) | 37 (11.6%) | 0.64 (0.39-1.06) | p=0.082 |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||
| Source | ||||
| Outpatient | 79 (17.4%) | 164 (51.6%) | Reference | |
| Inpatient | 335 (73.6%) | 132 (41.5%) | 5.27 (3.77-7.37) | p<0.0001 |
| Long Term Care | 41 (9.0%) | 22 (6.9%) | 3.87 (2.16-6.93) | P<0.0001 |
| SCI Center | ||||
| No | 132 (29.0%) | 125 (39.3%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 323 (71.0%) | 193 (60.7%) | 1.58 (1.17-2.15) | p=0.003 |
| Specimen Type | ||||
| Urine | 200 (44%) | 228 (71.7%) | Reference | |
| Blood | 19 (4.2%) | 8 (2.5%) | 2.71 (1.16-6.32) | p=0.017 |
| Sputum | 74 (16.3%) | 22 (6.9%) | 3.83 (2.30-6.40) | p<0.0001 |
| Other | 162 (35.6%) | 60 (18.9%) | 3.08 (2.17-4.38) | p<0.0001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity index, median (SD) | 2.6 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.9) | p<0.0001 | |
| Pressure Ulcer | ||||
| No | 153 (33.6%) | 225 (70.8%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 302 (66.4%) | 93 (29.2%) | 4.78 (3.50-6.51) | p<0.0001 |
| Healthcare exposures in previous 90 days | ||||
| Long Term Care | ||||
| No | 442 (97.1%) | 311 (97.8%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 13 (2.9%) | 7 (2.2%) | 1.31 (0.52-3.31) | p=0.572 |
| ICU Stay | ||||
| No | 358 (78.7%) | 293 (92.1%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 97 (21.3%) | 25 (7.9%) | 3.18 (1.99-5.06) | p<0.0001 |
| Previous Hospitalization | ||||
| No | 231 (50.8%) | 224 (70.4%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 224 (49.2%) | 94 (29.6%) | 2.31 (1.71-3.13) | p<0.0001 |
| Surgery | ||||
| No | 361 (79.3%) | 279 (87.7%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 94 (20.7%) | 39 (12.3%) | 1.86 (1.24-2.79) | p=0.002 |
| Mechanical Ventilation | ||||
| No | 390 (85.7%) | 301 (94.7%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 65 (14.3%) | 17 (5.3%) | 2.95 (1.69-5.14) | p=0.0001 |
| Genitourinary procedure | ||||
| No | 432 (94.9%) | 305 (95.9%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 23 (5.1%) | 13 (4.1%) | 1.25 (0.62-2.50) | p=0.530 |
| Antibiotic exposure in previous 90 days | ||||
| Any Antibiotic | ||||
| No | 50 (11.0%) | 101 (31.8%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 405 (89.0%) | 217 (68.2%) | 3.77 (2.59-5.50) | p<0.0001 |
| Chronic Steroids | ||||
| No | 450 (98.9%) | 315 (99.1%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 5 (1.1%) | 3 (0.9%) | 1.17 (0.28-4.92) | p=0.834 |
| Extended Spectrum Penicillins | ||||
| No | 277 (60.9%) | 271 (85.2%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 178 (39.1%) | 47 (14.8%) | 3.71 (2.58-5.32) | p<0.0001 |
| 1st & 2nd Generation Cephalosporins | ||||
| No | 383(84.2%) | 280 (88.1%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 72 (15.8%) | 38 (11.9%) | 1.39 (0.91-2.11) | p=0.129 |
| 3rd & 4th Generation Cephalosporins | ||||
| No | 284 (62.4%) | 268 (84.3%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 171 (37.6%) | 50 (15.7%) | 3.23 (2.26-4.61) | p<0.0001 |
| Carbapenems | ||||
| No | 305 (67.0%) | 295 (92.8%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 150 (33.0%) | 23 (7.2%) | 6.31 (3.95-10.06) | p<0.0001 |
| Tetracyclines | ||||
| No | 413 (90.8%) | 309 (97.2%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 42 (9.2%) | 9 (2.8%) | 3.49 (1.67-7.28) | p=0.0004 |
| Aminoglycosides | ||||
| No | 3613 (79.3%) | 304 (95.6%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 94 (20.7%) | 14 (4.4%) | 5.65 (3.16-10.12) | p<0.0001 |
| Quinolones | ||||
| No | 231 (50.8%) | 221 (69.5%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 224 (49.2%) | 97 (30.5%) | 2.21 (1.63-2.99) | p<0.001 |
| Vancomycin | ||||
| No | 217 (47.7%) | 255 (80.2%) | Reference | |
| Yes | 238 (52.3%) | 63 (19.8%) | 4.44 (2.19-5.38) | p<0.0001 |