Figure 3.

(a) One of the examples of the time history of each energy type; total energy W = W^B + W^A + W^S + W^R + W^T (red), bending energy W^B (green), aggregation energy W^A (blue), stretch energy W^S (orange), repulsive energy W^R (black) and torsion energy W^T (pink). The time histories of the mean (b) protofibril orientation angle and (c) protofibril length, where the errors represent the standard deviation of individual protofibrils (=1215). (d) The time history of the median of the tortuosity, where the errors represent 5–95% percentile (light grey) and 25–75% percentile (red), respectively. The results were obtained with k^B = 1 × 10⁻¹⁸ J rad⁻² and k^A = 2 × 10⁻³ N m⁻¹.