Figure 2.

Effects of the COVID-19 public health crisis related to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health

The figure shows multiple interconnected areas related to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health, which have been or are likely to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact areas (outer circle) were assembled into seven categories (inner circle; connected via corresponding colours to relevant impact areas) for ease of visualisation and interpretation. Impacts areas could, in reality, correspond to multiple categories. The human-nature interactions category includes the key drivers of zoonotic disease emergence—land-use change, intensive livestock production, wildlife trade, and climate change, as shown in figure 1. Semi-transparent lines between categories show that effects are interlinked, with many effects directly or indirectly affecting others, including the drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. See appendix (pp 11–21) for a selection of effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on biodiversity and ecosystem health, organised by impact categories and impact areas.