Table 1. Bioeffects of Wireless Communication Radiation (WCR) exposure in relation to COVID-19 manifestations and their progression.

Wireless communications radiation (WCR) exposure bioeffects	COVID-19 manifestations
Blood changes  Short-term: rouleaux, echinocytes  Long-term: reduced blood clotting time, reduced hemoglobin, hemodynamic disorders	Blood changes  Rouleaux, echinocytes  Hemoglobin effects; vascular effects  →Reduced hemoglobin in severe disease; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hypoxemia and hypoxia  →Endothelial injury; impaired microcirculation; hypercoagulation; disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC); pulmonary embolism; stroke
Oxidative stress  Glutathione level decrease; free radicals and lipid peroxide increase; superoxide dismutase activity decrease; oxidative injury in tissues and organs	Oxidative stress  Glutathione level decrease; free radical increase and damage; apoptosis→Oxidative injury; organ damage in severe disease
Immune system disruption and activation  Immune suppression in some studies; immune hyperactivation in other studies  Long-term: suppression of T-lymphocytes; inflammatory biomarkers increased; autoimmunity; organ injury	Immune system disruption and activation  Decreased production of T-lymphocytes; elevated inflammatory biomarkers.  →Immune hyperactivation and inflammation; cytokine storm in severe disease; cytokine-induced hypo-perfusion with resulting hypoxia; organ injury; organ failure
Increased intracellular calcium  From activation of voltage-gated calcium channels on cell membranes, with numerous secondary effects	Increased intracellular calcium  →Increased virus entry, replication, and release  →Increased NF-κB, pro-inflammatory processes, coagulation, and thrombosis
Cardiac effects  Up-regulation of sympathetic nervous system; palpitations and arrhythmias	Cardiac effects  Arrhythmias  →Myocarditis; myocardial ischemia; cardiac injury; cardiac failure

Supportive evidence including study details and citations are provided in the text under each subject heading, i.e., blood changes, oxidative stress, etc.