Table 2.

Anticancer effects of quercetin against PC.

Dose	In vitro/in vivo	Cell line	Effective mechanism	Ref.
100 μM and 75 mg kg−1	In vivo and in vitro	PANC-1 and Patu8988	EMT suppression by reducing TGF-β1 level, inhibition of growth, invasion, and migration of cells, apoptosis of cancer cells by antagonizing TGF-β/Smad and SHH signaling pathways	[87]
20 μM	In vitro	Mia-PaCa-2 and PANC-1	Reduced IL-6 and IL-8 expressions and enhanced cytotoxicity against Mia-PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cell lines	[89]
100 μM	In vitro	PANC-1	Reduced immunoreactivities such as ACTA-2, IL-1β, and N-cadherin, increased TNF-α and vimentin, prevention of EMT	[139]
20 μM and 40 mg kg−1	In vivo and in vitro	PDAC	Improved effects of BET inhibitors at suppressing tumor development and reduced hnRNPA1 in vivo	[93]
50-200 μM	In vitro	MIA Paca-2, BxPC-3, AsPC-1, HPAC and PANC-1	Quercetin showed a RAGE silencing like effect that attenuate RAGE expression to accelerate apoptosis, autophagy, and chemosensitivity of MIA Paca-2 GEMR cells	[90]
20-80 μM	In vitro	PANC-1 and PATU-8988	Quercetin reversed IL-6-induced EMT by the stimulation of the STAT3 signaling pathway and prevented the migration	[91]
50 μM	In vivo	AsPC-1 and PANC-1	Upregulation of miR-200b-3p that promoted the Notch signaling pathway of daughter cells to turn into symmetric	[92]
50 μM	In vitro	AsPC-1, CRL-4023, and PANC-1	Notch inhibition by quercetin-induced let-7c and marker progression, upregulation of Numbl, and tumor development reduction	[94]
100 nM	In vitro	CFPAC-1 and SNU-213	Suppressed TGF-β- and VEGF-A-induced migratory activity induced at low dosages in CFPAC-1, but not in bFGF-activated SNU-213 cells	[140]