Table 3.

The utilized parameters settings of all studied algorithms.

Algorithm	Parameter	Value	Algorithm	Parameter	Value
LSO [37]	F	0.6	ALO [31]	w	[2, 6]
	L	1		No. of search agents	50
	g	20		Traveling distance rate	[0.6, 1]
SHO [38]	$\stackrel{⟶}{M}$	[0.5, 1]	MVO [36]	Wormhole existence probability	[0.2, 1]
	$\stackrel{⟶}{h}$	[5, 0]