Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Studies | Country | Sample | Age | Duration (h/d/w/m) | Modality | Intervention length | Stimulation | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kumar et al., 2011 [17] | United States | 7/7 | 79.71 ± 9.45/70.00 ± 11.07 | 80.29 ± 39.17/96.71 ± 42.52 (h) | tDCS | 10 d | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the unaffected side, 2 mA | DOSS |
| Shigematsu et al., 2013 [18] | Japan | 10/10 | 66.90 ± 6.30/64.70 ± 8.90 | 12.90 ± 7.80/12.10 ± 9.00 (w) | tDCS | 10 d | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the affected side, 1 mA | DOSS |
| Ahn et al., 2017 [19] | Korea | 13/13 | 61.62 ± 10.28/66.38 ± 10.67 | 12.27 ± 4.92/11.62 ± 4.56 (m) | tDCS | 2 w | Bilaterally pharyngeal motor cortices, 1 mA | DOSS |
| Pingue et al., 2018 [20] | Italy | 8/12 | 64.53 ± 18.54/67.77 ± 9.22 | 2 (m) | tDCS | 10 d | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the affected side, 2 mA | DOSS, PAS |
| An, 2018 [21] | China | 32/32 | 64.40 ± 12.20/66.70 ± 11.40 | 32.40 ± 13.40/31.80 ± 9.70 (h) | tDCS | 2 w | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the unaffected side,2 mA | DOSS, SSA |
| Li et al., 2020 [22] | China | 23/24 | 62.87 ± 8.71/63.38 ± 8.41 | 42.51 ± 61.63/37.6 ± 36.84 (d) | tDCS | 3 w | Bilaterally pharyngeal motor cortices,1.4 mA | SSA |
| Mao et al., 2020 [23] | China | 20/20 | 59.80 ± 7.27/61.25 ± 8.02 | 3.25 ± 2.24/3.60 ± 2.49 (m) | tDCS | 8 w | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the unaffected side, 1.6 mA | DOSS, FDS |
| Park et al., 2013 [24] | Korea | 9/9 | 73.70 ± 3.80/68.90 ± 9.30 | 59.90 ± 16.30/63.90 ± 26.80 (d) | rTMS | 2 w | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the unaffected side, 5 Hz | PAS |
| Lim et al., 2014 [25] | Korea | 14/15 | 59.80 ± 11.80/62.50 ± 8.20 | 30.30 ± 14.80/34.40 ± 10.10 (d) | rTMS | 2 w | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the unaffected side, 1 Hz | PAS, FDS |
| Zheng et al., 2017 [26] | China | 45/45 | 65.40 ± 7.80/66.50 ± 8.20 | 31.50 ± 10.80/32.50 ± 13.60 (d) | rTMS | 20 d | From the anterolateral cortex of the skull to the front of the primary motor area, the lowest part of the anterior central gyrus, and the back part of the inferior frontal gyrus, 5 Hz | SSA, WST |
| Ünlüer et al., 2019[27] | Turkey | 15/13 | 67.80 ± 11.88/69.31 ± 12.89 | 105.93 ± 49.02/101.38 ± 42.06 (d) | rTMS | 1 w | Corresponding cortex area of suprahyoid muscle of the unaffected side, 1 Hz | PAS |
| Cai et al., 2019[28] | China | 20/20 | 63.50 ± 10.90/61.10 ± 9.80 | 40.10 ± 7.80/46.90 ± 9.20 (d) | rTMS | 2 w | Bilateral corresponding cortex area of suprahyoid muscle, 10 Hz | SSA |
| Ou et al., 2019[29] | China | 20/20 | 64.10 ± 12.23/62.50 ± 13.27 | 10.00 ± 5.16/9.85 ± 5.54 (w) | rTMS | 2 w | Corresponding cortex area of suprahyoid muscle of the unaffected side, 5 Hz | SSA, PAS |
| Jiao et al., 2019[30] | China | 30/30 | 63.70 ± 4.70/65.20 ± 5.10 | 3.80 ± 1.40/4.30 ± 1.80 (w) | rTMS | 4 w | From the anterolateral cortex of the skull to the front of the primary motor area, the lowest part of the anterior central gyrus, and the back part of the inferior frontal gyrus, 3 Hz | DOSS, PAS |
| Jiao et al., 2020[31] | China | 20/20 | 62.90 ± 4.20/63.40 ± 4.60 | 3.80 ± 1.40/3.60 ± 1.10 (w) | rTMS | 2 w | From the anterolateral cortex of the skull to the front of the primary motor area, the lowest part of the anterior central gyrus, and the back part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the affected side, 3 Hz | DOSS |
| Fang et al., 2020[32] | China | 30/30 | 64.69 ± 8.41/65.12 ± 8.52 | Not given | rTMS | 2 w | Pharyngeal motor cortex of the unaffected side, 5 Hz | SSA, WST |
| Zhang et al., 2020[33] | China | 14/15 | 55.21 ± 12.02/57.73 ± 15.78 | 11.36 ± 5.27/10.13 ± 4.17 (w) | rTMS | 2 w | Corresponding cortex area of suprahyoid muscle of the unaffected side, 5 Hz | PAS, FDS |
| Zhong et al., 2021[34] | China | 38/35 | 64.67 ± 10.87/62.34 ± 11.54 | 31.51 ± 35.52/23.22 ± 11.59 (d) | rTMS | 2 w | Corresponding cortex area of suprahyoid muscle of the affected side, 5 Hz | SSA, PAS |