Table 2.
Comparison of Clinical Backgrounds between the 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-pretreated and Non-pretreated Patients Who Underwent Urological Surgery.
| 5-ALA-pretreated | Non-pretreated | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 26 | 101 | |
| Age (yr) | 73 [63–77] | 75 [64–79] | 0.229 |
| Sex | 0.436 | ||
| Female | 4 (15.4%) | 24 (23.8%) | |
| Male | 22 (84.6%) | 77 (76.2%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 [20.8–24.3] | 23.1 [20.7–25.0] | 0.986 |
| Tumor | |||
| Recurrency | 13 (50.0%) | 43 (42.6%) | 0.515 |
| Pathology | 0.277 | ||
| Ta | 11 (42.3%) | 37 (36.6%) | |
| T1 | 7 (26.9%) | 34 (33.7%) | |
| T2 | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (8.9%) | |
| CIS | 5 (19.2%) | 8 (7.9%) | |
| Others | 3 (11.5%) | 13 (12.9%) | |
| Comorbidity | 20 (76.9%) | 75 (74.3%) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 13 (50.0%) | 54 (53.5%) | 0.827 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (34.6%) | 19 (18.8%) | 0.110 |
| Heart disease | 6 (23.1%) | 11 (10.9%) | 0.115 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 6 (23.1%) | 28 (27.7%) | 0.805 |
| CKD | 7 (26.9%) | 32 (31.7%) | 0.812 |
| Stroke | 1 (3.8%) | 6 (5.9%) | 1.000 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| TP (g/dL) | 6.8 [6.7–7.2] | 7.0 [6.7–7.3] | 0.217 |
| Alb (g/dL) | 4.2 [3.9–4.2] | 4.1 [3.8–4.3] | 0.629 |
| AST (IU/L) | 22 [19–27] | 24 [21–29] | 0.152 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 21 [14–28] | 18 [14–25] | 0.749 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 14.4 [13.9–15.2] | 13.7 [12.8–14.7] | 0.005 |
| Preoperative BTF | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0.581 |
| Antihypertensives | 13 (50.0%) | 51 (50.5%) | 1.000 |
| RAS inhibitor | 9 (34.6%) | 28 (27.7%) | 0.479 |
| β-Blocker | 1 (3.8%) | 13 (12.9%) | 0.298 |
| Ca antagonist | 7 (26.9%) | 30 (29.7%) | 1.000 |
| Postural hypotension | 2 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.041 |
| Anesthesia plan | 0.014 | ||
| GA | 7 (26.9%) | 8 (7.9%) | |
| SA | 19 (73.1%) | 93 (92.1%) | |
| Intraoperative | |||
| Operative time (min) | 38 [26–55] | 25 [16–33] | 0.002 |
| SBP <80mmHg | 10 (40.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | <0.001 |
| Vasoactives | 14 (53.8%) | 3 (3.0%) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative | |||
| THP | 19 (76.0%) | 55 (54.5%) | 0.069 |
| Diclofenac | 13 (52.0%) | 33 (32.7%) | 0.103 |
| Hematuria | 0.435 | ||
| Non-visible | 17 (70.8%) | 58 (57.4%) | |
| Faint | 3 (12.5%) | 24 (23.8%) | |
| Gross | 4 (16.7%) | 19 (18.8%) |
Note: Data are presented as median [interquartile range] and numbers (proportion). Hematuria could not be evaluated in some patients owing to intravesical chemotherapy.
Abbreviations: 5-ALA-pretreated, patients pretreated with 5-aminolevulinic acid; non-pretreated, patients who had no pretreatment before surgery; CKD, chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2); BTF, blood transfusion; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; postural hypotension, preanesthetic severe postural hypotension (<50 mmHg); GA, general anesthesia; SA, spinal anesthesia; SBP, systolic blood pressure; THP, intravesical chemotherapy using pirarubicin immediately after surgery; hematuria, appearance of hematuria on the next early morning.