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. 2021 Oct 27;599(7884):256–261. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Overview of key Eurasian geographic regions, features and archaeological sites discussed in the text; new sites analysed in this study are shown in grey. b, Enhanced view of Xinjiang and the six new sites analysed in this study. c, Timeline of the sites in a. The timeline is organized by region, and the median date for each studied group is shown. The base maps in a and b were obtained from the Natural Earth public domain map dataset (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-cross-blend-hypso/). In the group labels, the suffixes represent the archaeological time periods of each group: N, Neolithic; EN, MN and LN, Early, Middle and Late Neolithic, respectively; EN, Eneolithic for Geoksyur, Parkhai and Sarazm; CA, Chalcolithic Age; BA, Bronze Age; MBA, Middle Bronze Age; EIA, Early Iron Age. MA-1, Mal'ta; EHG, Eastern European hunter-gatherers.