Table 1.

Health effects of anthocyanin-containing foods against anthocyanin-free comparators.

Functional food	Form of administration	Target	Experimental model	Effects	References
Anthocyanin-rich maize	Blue and yellow corn in rodent diet	Heart	Wild-type rats	Reduced infarct size and improved antioxidant defenses	Toufektsian et al., 2008
	Blue and yellow corn in rodent diet	Heart	Wild-type rats	Increased plasma concentration of DHA and EPA	Toufektsian et al., 2011
	Purple and yellow corn in rodent diet	Heart	Wild-type mice	Protect against Doxorubicin adverse side-effects	Petroni et al., 2017
	Purple corn extract in rodent diet vs. not-supplemented diet	Obesity	Wild-type mice	Prevent body weight gain under HFD	Tsuda et al., 2003
	Purple corn extract in rodent diet vs. not-supplemented diet	Obesity	Wild-type mice	Attenuate HFD-induced inflammation with a long-lasting reprogramming of ATM toward an anti-inflammatory status	Tomay et al., 2019
	Purple and yellow corn extract in rodent diet	Brain	Wild-type rats	Reduced allodynia and neuroinflammation	Magni et al., 2018
	Purple and yellow corn in rodent diet	Muscular dystrophy	Sgca null mice	Delayed progression of muscular dystrophies reducing inflammation and oxidative stress	Saclier et al., 2020
	Purple and yellow corn in rodent diet	Liver	Wild-type mice	Regulated H3K4me3 affecting specific pathways	Persico et al., 2021
	Purple corn extract in drinking water vs. water	Diabetes	db/db mice	Delayed diabetes-associated renal fibrosis and mesangial inflammation	Li et al., 2012a,b
	Purple corn extract in drinking water vs. water	Diabetes	db/db mice	Reduced diabetes-associated glomerular monocyte activation, macrophages infiltration and angiogenesis	Kang et al., 2012, 2013
	Blue and yellow corn in rodent diet	Brain	Wild-type rats	Reduced mtDNA damage	Demeilliers et al., 2017
	Purple corn extract in rodent diet vs. not-supplemented diet	Cancer	Wild-type rats	Delayed mammary cancer	Fukamachi et al., 2008
	Purple corn extract in rodent diet vs. not-supplemented diet	Cancer	Wild-type rats	Delayed progression of prostate cancer	Long et al., 2013
Anthocyanin-rich orange	Moro and Navelina orange juice	Obesity	Wild-type mice	Prevent body weight gain under HFD	Titta et al., 2010
	Moro and Navelina orange juice	Obesity	Wild-type mice	Prevent body weight gain and liver steatosis under HFD	Salamone et al., 2012
Anthocyanin-rich tomato	Purple and red tomato powder in rodent diet	Cancer	p53−/− mice	Delayed cancer development and increased life span	Butelli et al., 2008
	Bronze and red tomato powder in rodent diet	Inflammation and microbiota	Winnie mice	Reduced inflammation markers and modulated gut microbiota	Liso et al., 2018; Scarano et al., 2018
	Bronze and red tomato powder in rodent diet	Inflammation and microbiota in mothers and puppies	Winnie mice	Reduced inflammation markers and modulated gut microbiota	De Santis et al., 2021
Anthocyanin-rich apple	Red and white near-isogenic apple in rodent diet	Inflammation and microbiota	Wild-type mice	Reduced inflammation markers and modulated gut microbiota	Espley et al., 2014
	Naturally bred red and yellow-fleshed apple in human diet	Inflammation and microbiota	Healthy humans	Promoted immune function	Barnett et al., 2021
	Biofortified red and white fleshed apple in rodent diet	Hypercholesterolemia	Wild-type rats	Protect against HFD-induced cardiovascular and metabolic alterations	Yuste et al., 2021
	Naturally bred red and white fleshed apple in rodent diet	Cancer	Wild-type rats	Delayed appearance of the precancerous markers	Bars-Cortina et al., 2020

HFD, high-fat diet; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; ATM, adipose tissue macrophages; H3K4me3, trimethylation of lysine 4 of the histone H3.